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Cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology. Linking in to Research Methods -the experimental Method. Lesson Aims. You will be participants in an experiment which demonstrates how information is best processed in LTM. You will reflect on the actual process of conducting an experiment.

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Cognitive psychology

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  1. Cognitive psychology Linking in to Research Methods -the experimental Method

  2. Lesson Aims • You will be participants in an experiment which demonstrates how information is best processed in LTM. • You will reflect on the actual process of conducting an experiment. • You will write up the experiment using the conventional reporting format

  3. Craik and Lockhart (1972) • proposed that memory was enhanced more by depth of processing than by how long information was rehearsed. • They suggested that rehearsal was mainly effective if the rehearsal was done in a deep and meaningful way. In a number of experiments they demonstrated that passive rehearsal does not result in better retention.

  4. Rehearsal, is the process of cycling information through memory. Craik and Lockhart proposed two kinds of rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal merely repeats the kind of analysis that has already been carried out. In contrast, elaborate rehearsal involves a deeper, more meaningful analysis of the stimulus. “The deep level is the storage of meaning and networks of association. Deeper processing results in more elaborate, longer lasting, and stronger memory traces. When the learner analyzes for meaning, she may think of other, related associations, images, and past experiences related to the stimulus.”

  5. Levels of Processing experiment Craik and Lockhart (1972)

  6. Investigating memory • Today our research aim is to test the effect of different levels of processing on the recall of information • Our second aim is to support the LoP theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972)

  7. Consent • As part of my research I am conducting research into cognitive psychology, which investigates how our brain processes information. By signing this consent form, you are agreeing to take part in the investigation that I am carrying out. During and after the experiment all your data will be kept confidential and will be used solely for this investigation. You will not be harmed, psychologically or physically, during the experiment. You have the right to withdraw at any time during the experiment, and this will result in all your data being destroyed. The purpose of the experiment will be explained to you after it is carried out. • Thank you for your agreement to take part in my investigation. Do you have any questions at this point?

  8. Standardised Instructions I have placed in front of you an A4 sheet.. Please read and follow the instructions at the top of the page. You have 1 minute Turn sheet over as soon as you have finished

  9. Thank you. That completes this part of the study

  10. Now answer these maths questions • 7x9 • 4x6 • 8x7 • 12x11 • 13x5 • 4x4

  11. How did you do? • 7x9 = 63 • 4x6 =24 • 8x7 =56 • 12x11 =132 • 13x5 =65 • 4x4 =16

  12. You’re ability to retrieve this information will now be tested • recall as many of the target words as you can

  13. What kinds of questions were you asked? • Does the word have two or three vowels? (requires shallow processing) • Does the word refer to a plant or an animal? • (requires semantic processing)

  14. Big group stop • What experimental design is this? • What is the weakness with this design? • How was this weakness overcome?

  15. Data sheet –number of words recalled

  16. Data sheet –number of words recalled

  17. Descriptive Statistics • Calculate the Mean, Median and Mode Which best represents the data? • Calculate the range – highest score minus lowest score [plus 1 for error] • The measures of central tendency and the measures of dispersion go into a table • The best average goes into a graph

  18. Presenting raw scores is not a good idea Individual Ppt graphs can be confusing – imagine having 1000 participants! The simpler the better is the rule to follow – see next slide

  19. Better to show the Mean (average) number of words recalled in each condition Remember to include a descriptive title Label the y axis – “number of words recalled out of 20” 11 Bar chart = Bars don’t touch! 5 Label each bar the same way as you labelled the table Condition A Shallow Processing Condition B Deep processing

  20. Results of class experiment These are known as the measures of central tendency and the measures of dispersion From the class data we need to work out the mean, mode, median, range and standard deviation Click here for information and videos

  21. Reporting Psychological Investigations • Black mask page 285-288 Task: Write up the Levels of Processing Experiment using the information in your text book for the relevant sections

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