WSU SOD Education Program Phytophthora ramorum educate to detect

1. WSU SOD Education ProgramPhytophthora ramorum educate to detect Adapted from the national PRED program for WSU Extension By Norm Dart WSU Sudden Oak Death Education Coordinator

2. What we will cover today 1) History of P. ramorum (SOD/Ramorum Blight) 2) Current state of P. ramorum in Washington 3) WSU Extension SOD education program 4) Recognizing symptoms and submitting samples for early detection

3. History of P. ramorum Status in North American and European forests Status in North American and European nurseries

4. Mysterious tree death • Mid 1990s hikers report dying tanoaks • Marin, Santa Cruz, & Monterey counties • Canopies turn brown suddenly • Similar symptoms on coast live and black oaks • Scientists begin to investigate Photo: Marin County Fire Department

5. Sudden Oak Death • Trees death primarily along urban-wildland interface • Dying trees created hazards for residents • Name “Sudden Oak Death” coined • Search for cause continued Photo: Marin County Fire Department

6. Cause of Sudden Oak Death determined • 2000: UC scientists isolated organism causing SOD • Exotic Phytophthora species • Previously isolated from European nurseries in 1993 Phytophthora ramorum in culture Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley

7. Phytophthora ramorum Sporangia releasing zoospores • New species named Phytophthora ramorum • Phytophthora spp. • thrive in wet conditions • Produces zoospores and chlamydospores • P. ramorum zoospores spread through air via mist and rain splash Chlamydospores

8. Phytophthora species • There are many Phytophthora spp. • Most cause root rots • Common crop pathogens • P. infestans caused the Irish potato famine of 1840s

9. Researcher discovered more hosts • Researchers isolated P. ramorum from other plant species • Many of these are “foliar hosts” • These hosts are not killed but develop leaf blight • Example: California bay laurel Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service

10. Two distinct diseases caused byPhytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death Red oaks and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark girdle and kill tree Cankers often bleed or ooze Can kill adult trees P. ramorum foliar blight/Ramorum blight Non-oak hosts Spots and blotches on leaves & shoot die back Can kill juvenile plants, usually not lethal for mature plants

11. P. ramorum discovered in Oregon in 2001 killing tanoaks • Trees discovered during aerial survey Curry County Oregon, Summer 2001 Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF

12. Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

13. P. ramorum in forests • SOD currently found in 14 CA counties and 1 OR county • These counties are under quarantine • SOD not known to be established anywhere else in N.A. forests Map from www.suddenoakdeath.org Kelly, UC-Berkeley

14. Risk of P. ramorum becoming established in U.S. forests Map: USDA- Forest Service

15. European garden & nursery finds • P. ramorum reported throughout Europe in nurseries and gardens • Same species but different mating type in N.A & Europe • European strain more aggressive on nursery stock • Despite quarantine efforts P. ramorum is widespread in UK and Netherlands Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute

16. Infected trees reported in UK and Netherlands 2003 Red Oak: Quercus rubra Beech: Fagus sylvatica Photo: DEFRA

17. North American nursery finds • 2003- P. ramorum found in 17 N.A. nurseries • 8 CA, 6 OR, 2 WA, 1 BC • Trace forwards and trace backs conducted • Both US and EUR genotypes found in WA and OR Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

18. 2005 National Nursery Survey • 3,663 nurseries visited • 64,814 samples collected Washington survey 9 of the 16 were repeat positives from 2004

19. What happens when P. ramorum is detected in a nursery? WSDA by authority of USDA-APHIS places host plant material on hold until the extent of infestation is determined Infected and neighboring plants are destroyed in an effort to eradicate the pathogen (burned or buried)

20. Locations of nurseries testing positive for P. ramorum in Washington (04-05)

21. Diversity of Native Host Plants in Washington State Bigleaf maple Douglas-fir Oregon ash Madrone Evergreen huckleberry Western starflower Maidenhair fern

22. Summary of P. ramorum in Washington • Only in nursery stock, not found in natural or urban landscape • APHIS and WSDA conduct annual survey to inspect production nurseries • DNR does forest surveys • Many plants native to Washington are known hosts • Potential to impact native ecosystem • Quarantines may be imposed if detected in landscape

23. Current P. ramorum Education Projects at WSU Puyallup • Online Education Surveys • (evaluate current knowledge) • 2) First Detector Training for Maser Gardeners • (mandated by USDA strategic plan) • 3) Developing Molecular Laboratory • (increase diagnostic/research capabilities)

24. Online Education Surveys • OBJECTIVES • Evaluate current understanding/knowledge of P. ramorum • Learn where people have been going for information • Determine what additional outreach efforts are needed • TARGET GROUPS • WSU Extension Educators (Completed) • Nursery and Landscape Professionals (Launched 12/05) • Christmas Tree Professionals • Forest Product Industry Professionals

25. WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights WHO RESPONDED? • 27 responded (80 surveys sent) • 6 county agents • 18 master gardener affiliates • 3 unknown • 92% of responses were from Western Washington • 81% of respondents were moderately to highly concerned about potential economic and ecological impact of P. ramorum in Washington

26. WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights CURRENT KNOWLEDGE • 93% of Master Gardener volunteers do not feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties • 100% of county agents feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties • 77% know where to direct the public to send samples for SOD testing/diagnosis • 78% do not feel comfortable determining if samples should be sent for diagnosis

27. WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights SOURCES OF INFORMATION • 74% choose the internet as a source of information • 48% choose pamphlets and brochures as a source of information • 43% chose talks/training sessions as a source of information

28. WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights FUTURE OUTREACH • 76% would like to see future outreach efforts • 78% do not feel comfortable determining if samples should be sent for diagnosis • 93% of master gardener volunteers do not feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties

29. First Detector Training • Master Gardener Volunteers are major target audience • Curriculum adapted from USDA and NPDN training • Background/History of SOD • Status of SOD in Washington • Introduction to WSU SOD education Program • Recognizing symptoms • Submitting samples • Five training sessions scheduled this spring in King, Pierce, Kitsap. Grays Harbor/Pacific, Snohomish counties

30. Important Considerations for First Detectors • Master Gardeners and County Agents play a major role • as first detectors • Important to realize that P. ramorum can be a sensitive issue • Education is a balancing act: • Inform but do not scare public! • Realize what is at stake • Economically for Washington Ag./forest industries • Potential ecological impact to nations forests

31. Developing Molecular Capabilities • Objectives • For rapid and reliable detection of SOD • Tool for basic and applied research at • WSU Puyallup • Quantifying plankton communities • Population genetics of PNW salmon • Sexual recombination of pathogenic fungi • Detecting traits in breeding programs

32. Recognizing Symptoms • Sudden Oak Death of oaks • Ramorum blight of other hosts • Key to determine if samples should be submitted for P. ramorum testing in Washington • focus on recently purchased (or near recently purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris, rhododendron, or viburnum

33. Sudden Oak Death:Disease of members of the oak family (Fagaceae) • True oaks (Quercus spp.) (NA & EUR) • Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) (NA) • Chestnut (Castanea) (EUR) • Beech (Fagus) (EUR)

34. Sudden Oak Death of coast live oak in California Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension

35. ‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunk ‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley

36. “bleeding” Phytophthora ramorum Younger active bleeding cankers Older infections with washed out bleeding cankers Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

37. Phytophthora ramorum Cankers (in inner bark) are surrounded by a black line Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

38. P. ramorum cankers of tanoak outer bark inner bark Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation

39. Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

40. Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

41. Similar symptoms – submit sample outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

42. Other common diseases & injuries • Bacterial wetwood • Boring insects • Mechanical injury • Fungi

43. Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood Camellia Rhododendron Viburnum Pieris Mountain laurel Lilac Recognizing P. ramorum foliar blight, aka: ramorum blight

44. Symptoms on camellia Brown lesions: irregular and restricted to leaf tip Lesions edges less distinct under humid conditions Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

45. Symptoms on camellia Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

46. Symptoms on camellia • Symptoms can be subtle • Look for irregular-shaped brown lesions on the leaves • Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown • Look for lower leaves that have fallen off Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

47. Similar symptoms – submit sample Sun scorch on camellia Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida

48. Similar symptoms – submit sample Cold injury on camellia Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University

49. P. ramorum symptoms on native rhododendron Shoot dieback Foliar blight Foliar blight Rhododendron macrophyllum Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

50. P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron Rhododendron macrophyllum Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University