FRIDAY – APRIL 26, 2012

1. FRIDAY – APRIL 26, 2012 LEARNING TARGET:A) I can identify how Harper’s Ferry intensified the disagreement between free states and slave states. B) I can identify how the outcome of the 1860 divided the United States. C) I can identify the dispute over slavery led the South to secede. HOMEWORK:1) Do Chapter 15-Section 3-4 Wks 2) Read Chapter 16 – Section 1 3) Work on Terms and Names SPONGE:Who were the two people in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates? What job were they vying for? Who won? Explain in detail about these debates.

2. CHAPTER 15 – A DIVIDED NATIONSection Four – The Nation Divides BUILDING BACKGROUND Unpopular compromises and court decisions deepened the divisions between pro-slavery and antislavery advocates. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted more attention to the issue. As the disagreements grew, violence increased, though many Americans hoped to avoid it. But it was too late to keep the nation unified.

3. JOHN BROWN -John Brown moved from Kansas back to New England by November of 1856. -He began to raise money in 1857 to recruit men for an invasion into the South. -He actually met with the leading black abolitionist Frederick Douglass March 12, 1859 in Detroit to discuss whether violence could or should be used to free the nation’s slaves. -He told Douglass that if he took a federal arsenal, there would be a massive uprising of slaves and stated, “When I strike, the bees will begin to swarm, and I shall need you to help hive them.” -Douglass told Brown, “No!”, believing Brown’s plan to be a mistake and hopeless.

4. - Douglass added that the plan was “an attack on the federal government” that “would array the whole country against us. You will never get out alive." -Brown moved down near Harpers Ferry, Virginia to a farm in Maryland in July, 1859 under the name of Isaac Smith. -He wanted to attack the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia and take the weapons that were stored there. -Brown planned to kill or to take hostage, any southern white citizen who got in his way. -His goal was to give the weapons he gained in the attack to the slaves and help them revolt.

5. -Brown and his Secretary of War, John Henrie Kaji had hoped to have a force of 4,500 men. -Brown had received 950 pikes and approximately 200 Beecher’s Bibles to help in his attack. -The arsenal he was attacking at Harper’s Ferry had about 100,000 muskets and rifles that he believed would help the slaves revolt and defeat their masters. -He began John Brown’s Raid on the night of October 16, 1859.

6. -Brown and 18 others (13 whites and 5 blacks) attacked in the night and took over Harpers Ferry rather easily. -His forces ranged in age from 21-49, except he was 59. -His sons Oliver, Owen and Watson were part of the forces. -Brown and his men stopped a Baltimore and Ohio (B & O) Railroad on its way into town. -Its baggage handler, Hayward Shepherd, a African-American, was shot and killed while trying to warn the passengers.

7. Washington, D.C. -For some unknown reason, though, Brown let the eastbound train continue on, after detaining for about five hours. -When the conductor got the train to Baltimore, he telegraphed what had happened to Washington, D.C. -Harper’s Ferry is 61 miles Northwest of Washington, D.C. -Brown tried to get the word out to the local slaves, to come join the rebellion, but they didn’t, fearing that if they took part and lost, they would be severely punished. Louisville, KY

8. -There had been two keys for the success of Brown’s Raid when it began. a) They needed to capture the weapons and escape before word reached Washington, D.C. (Didn’t happen) b) Brown expected local slaves to rise up against their owners and join the raid. (Didn’t happen) -During the evening, the town’s church bell began to ring to warn the neighboring farmers, shop keepers and militiamen that a slave insurrection was under way. -These townspeople cut off Brown’s escape routes and trapped his forces in the arsenal or armory the next morning. -Three townspeople were killed during the day including the towns mayor. -Knowing they were in trouble, Brown, twice sent men carrying flags of truce to negotiate and on both occasions, drunken townspeople yelled out, “Kill them, Kill them,” and gunned them down. One of these men was his 24 year old son Watson. -During the evening Brown took nine prisoners or hostages and his remaining followers fled to the armory’s fire engine house.

9. Harper’s Ferry Armory fire engine house which would later be called John Brown’s Fort.

10. Brown and his men inside Harper’s Ferry Armory fire engine house.

11. Colonel Robert E. Lee in 1859. -Brown’s men began to panic and William H. Leeman tried to escape by swimming across the Potomac River and was shot and killed by the townspeople. -The drunken men then used Leeman’s body for target practice. -On Monday at 3:30 p.m., Washington, D.C. authorities ordered Colonel Robert E. Lee to Harpers Ferry to capture Brown with a force of marines. -When Lee got to town the first thing he did was shut down the town’s saloons to cut down the random violence. -Lee ordered a squad of U.S. Marines to storm the firehouse the next morning, but first he sent J.E.B. Stuart prior to the sun rising, with a white flag to try and work out a surrender. Lieutenant J.E.B. Stuart around 1855.

12. -Brown met Stuart at the door and asked that he and his men be allowed to retreat across the river into Maryland where they would release their hostages. -Stuart promised Brown that the only thing he could promise is that he and his men would be protected from the mob and given a fair trial. - “Well, lieutenant, I see we can’t agree,” replied Brown. -Lieutenant J.E.B. Stuart turned and sent a prearranged hand signal to Lt. Israel Greene at 6:30 a.m. to knock down the door of the fire engine house. -Stuart later explained that Brown could have shot him dead – “Just as easily as I could kill a mosquito.” -Vicious fighting went on for about three minutes after the door was knocked down. Lieutenant Israel Greene.

13. -A hostage was quoted as saying, “With one son dead by his side and another shot through, he felt the pulse of his dying son with one hand and held his rifle with the other and commanded his men, encouraging them to fire and sell their lives as dearly as they could.” -Fighting continued until Green cornered Brown after being pointed out by a hostage named Lewis Washington, the great-grand nephew of President George Washington. -Green later recounted, "Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon Brown's head. He was moving as the blow fell, and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended, for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck. He fell senseless on his side, then rolled over on his back … Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast. The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon, and, either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown's accouterments, did not penetrate. The blade bent double." -Five members of Brown’s forces escaped including his son Owen, ten of them were killed and seven were taken prisoner including Brown himself.

14. Marines storm John Brown’s Fort at Harper’s Ferry.

15. Outside the Harper’s Ferry Arsenal

16. Inside at the Harper’s Ferry Arsenal

17. Inside the Harper’s Ferry Armory fire engine house or John Brown’s Fort during the attack by the Marines and Lt. Israel Greene on right.

18. -Brown went on trial a week later in a Virginia court even though the attack occurred on federal property. -Brown refused to plead insanity during the six-day trial. -Brown was tried and convicted of treason, murder and conspiracy and he and some of his men were sentenced to die on the gallows. -John A. Copeland, one of the freed slaves who helped Brown stated, “If I am dying for freedom, I could not die for a better cause.” John A. Copeland

19. -Brown was allowed to make a five-minute speech after the proceedings. -His speech helped convince thousands of Northerners that the grizzled man of 59 with his “piercing eyes and resolute countenance,” was a martyr to freedom. -He denied that he had to come to Virginia to commit violence, but only to liberate the slaves.

20. -In his speech he said; “Now, if it is deemed (thought) necessary that I should forfeit (give up) my life for the furtherance of the end of justice, and mingle (mix) my blood… with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done.”

21. -On the morning of December 2, 1859 just before he went to the gallows, Brown wrote one last message; “I, John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood.” John Brown being led out of the Court House to the gallows!

22. -At about 11:00 a.m. a rope was placed around his neck, a sack was placed over his head and he was placed over a trap door. -The sheriff cut the rope, the trap door opened and Brown dropped through. -A Virginia officer yelled out, “So perish all enemies of Virginia.” -Two people witnessing this hanging were a VMI professor, named Thomas J. Jackson and a young actor named John Wilkes Booth.

23. John Brown in 1859.

24. -Many northern abolitionists mourned Brown’s death and on the day he was hanged, tolled bells and fired guns in his salute, as well as draped buildings in black and flew flags at half-mast. -Ralph Waldo Emerson compared Brown to Jesus Christ and said his death made “the gallows as glorious as the cross.” -William Lloyd Garrison had been a strong proponent for non-violence in the abolition movement, said that Brown’s death had convinced him of “the need for violence” to destroy slavery. -At a Boston meeting, Garrison said, “Every slave holder has forfeited his right to live,” if he opposed immediate emancipation. -Others such as Abraham Lincoln said Brown, “agreed with us in thinking slavery was wrong, but that cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason.” -Southerners did not believe what Lincoln had said and believed that they were just saying that only because it had failed. -Southerners were enraged by Brown’s actions and horrified by the Northerners reaction to his death. “FIRE-EATERS across the South told large crowds that Brown’s attack on Harpers Ferry was the “the first act in the grand tragedy of emancipation, and the subjugation of the South in bloody treason.”

25. -Many felt that there could be someone else might try what Brown had tried. -EXTRA INFORMATION - Brown had once said that seeing a white man beat an enslaved child was what made him hate slavery, yet … Brown was a father of 20 children and often beat them for trivial or small offenses!

26. ELECTION OF 1860 -The Democratic Party was in turmoil in 1859-60. -They held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina as a gesture to help solidify the party and help their chance to win in the regular presidential election. -The Southern and Northern Democrats could not decide on their platform (statement of beliefs) or who to select as their candidate for president. -Southern Democrats wanted the party to defend slavery in the platform and support a federal slave code not just state slave codes. -Northern Democrats wanted the platform to support popular sovereignty and the Freeport Doctrine where the people would vote for or against slavery. -The Southern delegates said that if they didn’t get what they wanted for the party platform they would walk out. -The two sides fought back and forth about the platform and when the Northern agenda was passed, the Southern delegates walked out as they had promised.

27. -Without enough votes to nominate their candidate, the Northern Democrats agreed to meet six weeks later in Baltimore, Maryland. -The Convention met on June 18, 1860 at the Front Street Theater. -The Southern delegates that had walked out showed up at the debate demanding to be seated. -After some debate, it was decided that all the delegates could be reseated except for those from Louisiana and Alabama. -When newly chosen delegates from Louisiana and Alabama were seated, approximately 110 delegates walked out. *The Northern Democrats chose Senator Stephen A. Douglas who supported popular sovereignty in the new territories. -Herschel Vespasian Johnson, a former Senator and Governor of Georgia was selected as Douglas’s running mate for vice-president. *The Southern Democrats decided to have their own convention in Baltimore and called it the Southern Rights Convention.

28. *They chose the current United States Vice President, John C. Breckinridge as their candidate, because he supported slavery in the new territories and federal slave codes -They selected a proslavery, Joseph Lane, who was the first Governor of the Oregon Territory and an Oregon Senator as his running mate for vice-president. *A new party also entered the election and they were called the Constitutional Union Party who had one goal – to preserve the Union. *Their platform was “to recognize no political principal other than the Constitution...the Union…and the Enforcement of the Laws.” -They consisted of Conservative Whigs, Know Nothings and some Southern Whigs who were against disunion. *They chose John Bell of Tennessee as their candidate even though he was a slaveholder – he was opposed the Kansas – Nebraska Act. -They selected a former Whig, Edward Everett, who was a former U.S. Representative, Senator and Governor from the state of Massachusetts as his running mate for vice-president.

29. Stephen Arnold Douglas (left)the Presidential Candidate and Herschel Vespasian Johnson(right)the Vice Presidential Candidate for the Northern Democrats

30. John Cabel Breckinridge (left) the Presidential Candidate and Joseph Lane (right) the Vice Presidential Candidate for the Southern Democrats.

31. John Bell (left) the Presidential Candidate and Edward Everett (right) the Vice Presidential Candidate for the Constitutional Union Party.

32. *That left one more party to choose their candidate, the Republicans. -At the beginning of their convention in New York almost everyone assumed that William Seward would win the nomination, but he didn’t win on the first ballot. -As the convention went on, the party selected a more moderate candidate who said he promised not to abolish slavery in areas it already existed, but to only stop the spread of slavery. -Seward led on the first two ballots, but on the 3rd ballot a dark horse candidate won by 231 ½ votes to 180. *This new choice was that young Illinois lawyer that had been born in Hodgenville, KY, Abraham Lincoln. *He was chosen, because he was from the West and his speeches were the most moderate that the entire party could support. -His running mate for Vice-President was Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. -He defeated Cassius Marcellus Clay of Kentucky for the VP.

33. Abraham Lincoln ended up getting the nomination of the Republican Party and his running mate Hannibal Hamlin.

34. *Cassius Marcellus Clay (left) of Kentucky was defeated for the vice – president by Hannibal Hamlin. *An African-American man was Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. after this famous abolitionists. *He named his son Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. *Cassius Clay Jr. changed his name to Muhammad Ali after he converted to Islam in 1964.

35. *The 1860 presidential election turned into two separate races: a) Lincoln against Douglas in the North b) Breckinridge against Bell in the South *Lincoln and Breckinridge had the most extreme views on slavery as Lincoln opposed the expansion of slavery and Breckinridge wanted the federal government to help protect slavery in the territories. -Bell and Douglas were both considered to be moderates, because they didn’t want any new laws on slavery passed. *Lincoln defeated Douglas in the North and Breckinridge won most of the South.

36. *Douglas captured the second most popular votes, but only won one state – Missouri. *Bell won Tennessee, Kentucky and Virginia. *Lincoln won the election, because the North had a much larger population than the South. -He won 180 electoral votes and the others were Breckinridge at 72 electoral votes, Bell at 39 electoral votes, and Douglas 12 electoral votes. *This election angered southerners as Lincoln did not even campaign in the South, but he was now their president and this signaled they were losing political power.

37. This is how the map of the Election of 1860 looked. Lincoln only received 40 % of the people’s vote, but he pulled 59% of the electoral vote. The country was very divided on the issue of slavery as the map shows.

38. THE SOUTH SECEDES *Lincoln had promised not to change or try to abolish slavery in the South if elected, but southerners did not trust him. -Southerners felt Lincoln and other Republicans would eventually try to end slavery and ruin the Southern way of life. *Before the election of 1860, many southerners said that if Lincoln won the election then they would secede or withdraw from the Union. *The southern states believed they had the right to secede based upon the idea of states’ rights. *They stated, that they had voluntarily joined the Union and thus they also had the right to leave the Union the same way. -Lincoln and others said that the only way they could try to leave the Union was by breaking the law.

39. THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA *South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860. *In the following six weeks Florida, Alabama, Texas, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi joined them. *All of these states had a reliance on slave labor and on cotton production. *This group of southern states became known as the Confederate States of America (CSA) or the Confederacy. -It’s constitution was similar to America’s, but it gave a guarantee to citizens the right to own slaves. *At their convention in Montgomery, Alabama they selected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as the President of the Confederacy. -As the southern states seceded the North had to decide what to do.

40. 1 2 5 4 6 7 3 The seven states in purple were the first seven to secede from the United States and form the Confederate States of America. Four more (in green) will leave after the Battle at Fort Sumter.

41. CSA President – Jefferson Davis was born in Fairfield, Christian County, KY on June 3, 1808. He was 53 when he took office. CSA Vice President – Alexander Stephens was born on February 11, 1812 in Georgia. He was 49 when he took office.

42. *Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky (trying to take Henry Clay’s place) proposed a series of constitutional amendments known as the Crittenden Plan that he believed would satisfy the South by protecting slavery. -He hoped to stop secession and military action (war). -President Buchanan had already spoken out against secession saying that the states did not have the right to leave the Union. *Lincoln agreed and was against Crittenden’s plan, because he said there could be no compromise on the issue on the extension of slavery. -Crittenden’s plan failed as all Republican’s voted against it as Lincoln requested they do. *A major question that came about as the South seceded was what would happen with federal property in the South, such as forts in the Charleston Harbor of South Carolina. *The Confederacy under Jefferson Davis, said they were ready to keep the federal army from controlling these properties.

43. John J. Crittenden of Kentucky tried a compromise he thought the South would like, but President Lincoln did not support it.

44. LINCOLN TAKES OFFICE -Lincoln’s inauguration took place on March 4, 1861. -He told the South in his inaugural address that he had no intention of abolishing slavery in the South, spoke forcefully against secession and ended his speech with an appeal to friendship. “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”