Chapter 9

1. Launching a New Republic Chapter 9

2. Essential Question • What political traditions and tensions first appeared in the early years of the new republic?

3. Important Vocab Section 1 • Federal Judiciary- 1789 law passed by the first congress that set up lower federal courts. • John Jay- First chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court • Attorney General- nation’s top legal officer, today also the head of the Department of Justice. • Cabinet- group of executive department heads that serve as the president’s chief advisers.

4. Inaugurate- to formally swear in or induct into office • Precedent- an example that becomes standard practice • Tariff- tax on imported goods

5. Washington’s Presidency • Charles Thomson- Secretary of Continental Congress • Delivered a letter to George Washington – to inform him he was elected president. • Washington accepted the honor and burden of office.

6. Congressional Decisions • Congress passed – Federal court system- Federal Judiciary, Act the act gave supreme court 6 members: Chief Justice or Judge and 5 associate Justices. • The number later grew to nine • John Jay- 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

7. Assembling a Cabinet • Congress creating departments • President had powers to appoint heads of departments: • 1. state- (Thomas Jefferson) • 2. War- Nation’s Defense (Henry Knox) • 3. Treasury- (Alexander Hamilton) Nation’s economy- Financial Secretary. • 4. Justice • 5. Postal Service

8. Edmund Randolph: Attorney General • All heads made up Washington’s cabinet. – Advising him on financial matters. • The Nation’s Finances • Most Urgent Problem for Alexander Hamilton (War Debts) • Borrowed Money • France • Spain • Netherlands

9. In debt to private citizens, soldiers- received bonds to pay them with interest. • 52 million war debt- Foreign and domestic • Needed to pay debt to gain respect with foreign nations and own citizens • Needed to be responsible with money to continue to work with other nations

10. Hamilton’s Political Views • Strong Central Government • National Government should be stronger than the state government • Encourage business and industry and nation’s prosperity depended on nation’s wealthy merchants and manufactures. • Owed money to these people hoped to gain them support when paid back.

11. Hamilton’s Prospal • Improvement of Nation’s finances 1. paying off war debt 2. Raising Government Revenue 3. Creating a National Bank Hamilton wanted to pay off state’s war debt but south wouldn’t agree unless place capital in Southern states on the banks of the Potomac River.

12. Building a Strong Government • Tariffs – a way to raise revenue – Taxes on imported goods • Made foreign goods very expensive • Encourage to buy American • National Bank- a safe place to keep government money • Make loans to 1. business 2. government • Issue bank notes – Paper money is called currency

13. Section 2 • Battle of Fallen Timbers: 1794 battle between Native Americans and American Forces • Treaty of Greenville- 1795 treaty in which 12 Native America tribes ceded control of much of Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government. • Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 protest against the government’s tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers • French Revolution: revolution overthrowing the government in France that began in 1787 and ended in violence and mass executions. • Jay’s Treaty: agreement that ended the dispute with Britain over American shipping during the French Revolution. • Pinckney's Treaty: 1795 treaty with Spain allowing U.S. commercial use of the Mississippi River.

14. Cede: surrender or give up • Northwest Territory: area bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the Great Lakes • Neutral: not siding with any other country in dispute.

15. Challenges to the New Government • Settlers moving west met resistance with Native Americans (1790-1791) • Chief Little Turtle- (Miami Tribe of Ohio) won decisive victories over U.S. Troops. • 1794 – Miami faced an attack by the U.S. Forces General Ma Anthony Wayne. • Tribal Council voted for war • Washington Plan was to secure the Western Frontier.

16. Problems at Home • Washington supported strong National Government – Showed its strength on threatening situations • Competing Claims Territory • Needed peace to prosper –Trans Atlantic West- Land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River. • 1783 Treaty of Paris –tried to resolve the claims- Spain, Britain, and The United States, and Native Americas claimed all parts.

17. Strongest Resistance of Whites came from Native American is the Northwest Territory • Mad Anthony Wayne “Battle of Fallen Timbers” … Easily defeated the Native Americans. • The defeat ended the Native Americans hope of the Northwest Territory – 12 tribe signed an agreement • Treaty of Greenville- Cede much of present day land in • 1. Ohio • 2.Michigan • 3. Indiana • Numerous posts and ports • U.S. Government

18. Trouble in the Back Country • Washington still wanted to put another army in the Midwest. • Secretary of Treasury- Hamilton needed to raise revenue so he taxed manufacture of whiskey. • Hit the small back country farmers the hardest • Major Crop- CORN • Farmers started to use whiskey as money – outrages farmers on whiskey tax- (Penn. –Georgia)

19. Farmers Revolt • 1794 Farmers in Western Pennsylvania –staged a revolt against Whiskey Tax. • Burned home of Tax collector • Threatened to attack Pittsburg General Henry Lee and Hamilton- 13,000 US soldiers to western Penn. to put down uprising.

20. Problems Abroad • U.S. Independent by tied to both European nations by Treaty and Trade. • Both went to war with each other/ U.S. feared to get dragged into mix.

21. Trouble in France • 1789- Financial Crisis led to French People rebelling against the government. • French Revolutionaries demanded • 1. liberty • 2. Equality Americans supported the French Revolution – until it had become violent. 1793- Revolutionaries executed both the King and Queen of France.

22. France and Britain at war • Washington wanted the U.S. to remain Neutral • Great Britain main trading partner • Would crush the French Revolution – Liberty • Jefferson – was attacked by the Federalist for support of France. • Resigned because tired of Washington always taking Hamilton’s side.

23. - • Jay’s treaty –British agreed to pay for damaged vessels seized – U.S. Vessels • Thomas Pickney- Pickney’s treaty with Spain • Rights and travel freely on Mississippi River • U.S. goods could be stored in New Orleans Port free of customs duties. • Spain accepted 31st parallel as Northern boundary of Florida and southern boundary of United States.

24. More securely from European hostility- more moving west • Washington not running for presidency again divided the nation how to be governed.

25. Section 3The Federalists in Charge • John Adams: second president of the United States • XYZ Affair: 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats • Alien and Sedition Acts: series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants • States Right: idea that the states have certain rights that the federal government cannot overrule. • Nullification: idea that a state could cancel a federal law within the state.

26. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: resolutions passed by Kentucky and Virginia in 1798 giving the states the right to declare act of Congress null and void. • Foreign Policy: relations with the government of other nations • Political party: group of people that tries to promote it ideas and influence government • Aliens: immigrants who are not yet citizens • Sedition: stirring up a rebellion against a government • Federalists: people who supported a strong national government and heirs to the supporters of the ratification of the Constitution.

27. The Federalists in Charge • Benjamin Banneker- surveyor- appointed by Washington to planning new nation’s capital. • Remembered as one outstanding Americans who helped the new republic. • (1789-1797) Washington Retires • 1796- Washington decided two terms was enough (Symbol of national unity)

28. Washington’s Final Concerns • Thomas Paine: failed to support French Revolution • Washington believed the political differences would weaken nation. • Foreign Policy- relations with governments of other countries. • Steer clean of permanent Alliances- Remain Nuetral

29. Political Differences Continue • Growth of Political Parties • The differences between foreign and domestic policies led to political parties. • Political Party: Group of people that tries to promote ideas and influence a government a government. • Jefferson / Madison- Founded democratic republican party • Belief in Democracy and Republican System

30. Hamilton founded – federalist party – strong national government • Northern Merchant and Manufactures • John Adam’s Administration • Held first election when political parties competed • Federalist – President John Adams- Electoral College (71) • Democratic / Republican – Vice President Thomas Jefferson (68)

31. Problems with France • Relations between France and U.S. was tense • Britain and France still at war. (France begin seizing and harassing our ships) 300 U.S. Ships looted by France • John Adams sent people to speak to the French in Paris. • The only way to speak to Prime Minister to loan 10 million dollars to France (Pay 250,000 to Prime Minister) • XYZ Affair-

32. The Alien and Sedition Acts • Conflict with France made Adams Federalist popular with the public. • Democratic- Republic party blasted Adams over France and conflict. • Alien- Sedition Act- Aliens or immigrants who were not citizens yet. • Waiting period 5 years to was 14 years • Arrest suspicious aliens or deport them during wartime • Outlawed sedition or stirring up rebellion agaisnt a government. • Democratic- Republic newspaper editions were jailed for comments towards government- This helped Federalist clamp down help silence their opposition.

33. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Jefferson and Madison – Looked for a way to fight Alien and Sedition Acts • They found in theory States have certain rights that federal government cant overrule. • Nullification- The idea that states could nullify or cancel an act of Congress that is considered unconstitutional. • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- warned dangers that the Alien and Sedition Acts posed to a government of checks and balances as these checks and balances guaranteed by the constitution. • Whole democratic republican parties is control of Congress reversed the act or let it expire.

34. Finally peace with France – Adams talks with France decided sign the Convention of 1800 – to stop naval attacks. • French and Americans to fail oceans with peace • Adams not a favorite with Federalists after this decision • 1st President in the new capital – Washington D.C. • Lost Presidential campaign to Thomas Jefferson (1800)