Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

1. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

2. Cellular Respiration All living things need energy Energy in the form of… Food=chemical energy

3. Living things get most of the energy they need from glucose. • Autotrophs make glucose using photosynthesis • Heterotrophs get glucose from food they eat

4. Cellular Respiration is the process of extracting stored energy from glucose and storing it in the high energy bonds of ATP.

5. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

6. Chemical Structure of ATP

7. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU withENERGY!

8. Why ATP? An analogy to money… Glucose in our food is a great source of energy! ($100 bill) However, individual cell processes may only require a small amount of energy ($1 bill)

9. Analogy: most vending machines do not accept $100 bills! We need a smaller form of “currency” for these processes. ATP is this important cellular “currency” for life. ATP releases more appropriate amounts of energy for the individual cellular processes than does glucose

10. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

11. Results in ADP -Adenosine Diphosphate (only 2 phosphates)

12. How efficient is cell respiration? Energy released from glucose (as heat and light) Energy released from glucose banked in ATP Gasoline energy converted to movement 100% About 40% 25% Burning glucose in an experiment Burning gasolinein an auto engine “Burning” glucosein cellular respiration

14. ATP is broken down into ADP + P and then remade again with the help of enzymes in the ATP/ADP cycle

16. Respiration • There are two types of Respiration: Anaerobic Respiration and Aerobic Respiration • Anaerobic Respiration – without oxygen (referred to as Fermentation) • Aerobic Respiration – with oxygen (referred to as Cellular Respiration)

17. The First Stage for bothtypes of respiration, is called Glycolysis

18. C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C Glycolysis • glyco means “glucose/sugar”, and • lysis means “to split”. Therefore, • glycolysis means “to split glucose”

19. C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C Glycolysis • Occurs in thecytoplasm just outside of mitochondria. • Needs no oxygen and makes 2 ATP • Process in which 1 glucose in broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

20. Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation (Fermentation does NOT use oxygen) After Glycolysis, the respiration process stops with 2 ATP made. The pyruvate is then changed into one of several types of molecules, depending on the type of organism doing the fermentation

21. Anaerobic Respiration

22. The 2 most common forms of Anaerobic Respiration are: 1. Alcoholic Fermentation, and 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

24. Alcoholic Fermentation is carried out by yeast, a kind of fungus.

25. Alcoholic Fermentation • Uses only Glycolysis. • Produces ATP when O2 is not available.

26. Alcoholic FermentationC6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 (Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol) As a result of Alcoholic Fermentation, Glucose is converted into 2 molecules of Ethyl Alcohol and 2 Molecules of Carbon Dioxide.

27. Wine making Grapes are crushed and the sugar they contain is fermented by yeasts to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide usually escapes but if the wine is bottled before fermentation is complete, the carbon dioxide dissolves and escapes as bubble when the bottle is opened This is the case with ‘sparkling’ wines such as Champagne

28. Brewing In brewing beer, a sugary product (malt) is dissolved out of germinating barley Yeast is added to this solution and fermentation begins, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide Some of the carbon dioxide escapes but the rest dissolves in the beer when it is bottled or put into casks When the bottles or casks are opened, the dissolved CO2 escapes as bubbles

29. Baking In baking, yeast is added to a mixture of flour and water, made into the form of a dough The yeast first changes the flour starch into sugar and then ferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2 The CO2 forms bubbles in the dough which cause it to expand (‘rise’) When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates the alcohol but makes the trapped bubbles expand giving the bread a ‘light’ texture

30. 36 Dough rising The yeast is mixed with the dough After 1 hour in a warm place the dough has risen as a result of the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast

31. 37 The ‘holes’ in the bread are made by the carbon dioxide bubbles. This gives the bread a ‘light’ texture

32. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Uses only Glycolysis. • Does NOT use O2 • Produces ATP when O2 is not available.

34. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Performed by bacteria • Results in yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut and kimchi

35. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Carried out by human muscle cells under oxygen debt. • Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes fatigue, soreness and stiffness in muscles.

37. Fermentation - Summary • Releases 2 ATP from the breakdown of a glucose molecule • Provides ATP to a cell even when O2 is absent.

38. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen!

39. There are three phases to Aerobic Respiration ... they are: 1. Glycolysis (same as the glycolysis of anaerobic respiration) 2. Krebs cycle (AKA - Citric Acid cycle) 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation and The Electron Transport Chain

40. Aerobic Respiration takes place in both the cytoplasm (Glycolysis) and in the mitochondria of a cell

42. Comparing Aerobic andAnaerobic Respiration • Aerobic Respiration- • requires a mitochondrion and oxygen • is a three phase process • Anaerobic – • does not require oxygen • consists of one phase only-Glycolysis

43. Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respirationtakes place.

44. Cellular Respiration • An exergonic, oxygen (O2)requiring process that uses energyextracted from organic molecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP)and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glucose oxygen Carbon water dioxide ENERGY

45. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration • Three main parts (stages). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation

46. C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C 1. Glycolysis • Occurs in thecytoplasm just outside of mitochondria. • Needs no oxygen and makes 2 ATP • Process in which 1 glucose in broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

47. 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Occurs in the mitochondria • Makes 2 ATP Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions Citric Acid is created in this cycle thus giving it the nickname Citric Acid Cycle.

48. 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Location:mitochondria • Makes 32 ATP Uses high-energy e- from Krebs Cycle to make ATP

49. ATP TOTAL ATP YIELD The ETC makes the most ATP In total cellular respiration makes 36 ATP

50. Krebs Cycle and ETC require oxygen to work!