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Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

Archaebacteria & Eubacteria. Notes on the World’s Smallest Organisms. Bacteria are Ancient!. Fossil bacteria have been found dating back 3.6 billion years Bacteria have been around for 78% of Earth’s history

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Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

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  1. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Notes on the World’s Smallest Organisms

  2. Bacteria are Ancient! • Fossil bacteria have been found dating back 3.6 billion years • Bacteria have been around for 78% of Earth’s history • Humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) have only been around for about 0.004% of Earth’s history

  3. 1 day 2.74 years 2,740 years $1,000 ? $1,000,000 ? (1 million) $1,000,000,000 ? (1 billion) So, How long is a million years?Ex. You must spend $1,000/day, how long will it take you to spend . . .

  4. Bacteria are Everywhere! • In Lakes, streams, ponds, and puddles • Near volcanic vents at the bottom of the sea (at temperatures near 480F) • In the air (thousands of feet up) • On your skin (@ 100,000/cm2) • 9,000 feet underground between the rocks • In the soil (actinomycetes is the species that gives soil it’s smell) there are billions in every gram of soil

  5. How many bacteria are there? • There are more bacteria in your mouth than all the people that have ever lived! • Bacteria may outweigh trees in total biomass - How is this possible? Remember they are everywhere!! If we moved all the underground bacteria to the surface of the Earth it would form a layer 5 feet thick!

  6. Characteristics of Bacteria • Shapes- Round(cocci), Rod shaped (bacilli) and Spiral (spirilla) • Colors- red,yellow,blue,tan,orange,violet and others • Appearance- colonies of bacteria will appear as drops of color on the surface of the growing medium (agar). They look like drops of oil paint

  7. Bacteria Shapes: Examples

  8. Appearance: Examples

  9. Structure of Bacteria • Bacteria have no nucleus! • The hereditary material, a circle of DNA, floats freely in the cytoplasm • Some bacteria have flagella (whip like hairs) - these help them move • In addition to a cell membrane and a cell wall some bacteria have a capsule that protects them

  10. Bacteria Structure

  11. Parts of the bacteria • Flagella- whip like hair, aids in movement • Capsule- outermost layer, keeps cell from drying out • Cell wall- tough covering • Cell membrane- controls movement of molecules in and out of cell • Hereditary Material(Nucleoid region)- One big circle of DNA and little rings of DNA called plasmids • Cytoplasm- watery fluid that fills cell • Ribosomes- Help make proteins • Fimbria- Help bacteria cling on to stuff

  12. Life Functions of Bacteria • Aerobic - use oxygen (most common today) • Anaerobic- does not use oxygen • Magnetotactic- use the Earth’s magnetic field to stay buried in the mud(they don’t like oxygen) • Heterotrophic- parasites, decomposers • Autotrophic-Make their own food; either, photosynthetically or chemosynthetically

  13. How tough are bacteria? • Endospores • Some times, under unfavorable environmental conditions, some bacteria form endospores. An endospore occurs when a portion of the cytoplasm plus the chromosome dehydrates. The rest of the bacterial cell deteriorates. This endospore is then highly resistant to the unfavorable conditions; conditions such as high temperatures, harsh chemicals and drying out. When good conditions occur the spore then absorbs water and returns the cell to the typical stage. • Example: Dr. Cano at Cal Poly has removed 20 million year old bacteria trapped in fossilized amber, put in optimal growth conditions and watched as it came back to life and started growing! • The Archaebacteria are extremeophiles. They love extreme conditions. There are species that can survive in arctic ice, some deep in the Earth, others in hot springs and even some deep in the ocean at thermal vents. They are as different from the Eubacteria as the Eubacteria are from us! This is why they were put in their own kingdom.

  14. Bacteria produce the colors seen in Yellowstone hot pools

  15. Why are the bacteria so important? • They are the world’s ultimate recyclers • As decomposers, bacteria breakdown dead organisms returning the molecules from them to the soil so the cycle of life can continue.

  16. The positives Decomposers Added 1st oxygen to atmosphere Start soil production Make vitamins Help with foods(sourdough,yogurt,cheese) Make antibiotics Base of food chain Clean up oil spills Aid mammals in digestion The negatives Some cause illness Cause tooth decay Spoil food Eat up roads and oil drilling equipment Cause body odor Bacteria: the +’s and the -’s

  17. Bacteria LabDifferential Staining • Different types of bacteria have cell walls that are structurally different • In this lab, we will see how we can use this fact to help determine different types of unknown bacteria

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