Denis Poussart Université Laval poussart@gel.ulaval

1. C & C onvergence omplexity promises challenges Denis PoussartUniversité Laval poussart@gel.ulaval.ca IS 2005 15th Annual Canadian Conference on Intelligent Systems June 5 - 7, 2005 -  Québec , QC 

2. What • Why • How • When • But

3. Some recent news … Tate Gallery Joseph Mallord William Turner, Norham Castle, Sunrise c. 1835-40

4. Biochip detect single virus “We report direct, real-time electrical detection of single virus particles with high selectivity by using nanowire field effect transistors. Measurements made with nanowire arrays modified with antibodies for influenza A showed discrete conductance changes characteristic of binding and unbinding in the presence of influenza A but not paramyxovirus or adenovirus. Simultaneous electrical and optical measurements using fluorescently labeled influenza A were used to demonstrate conclusively that conductance changes correspond to binding / unbinding of single viruses at the surface of nanowire devices.” Electrical Detection of Single Viruses, C.M. Lieber et al. PNAS, September 13, 2004

5. New concept for a single molecule transistor “Here we present scanning tunneling microscopy observations and classical electrostatic and quantum mechanical modeling results that show that the electrostatic field emanating from a fixed point charge regulates the conductivity of nearby substrate-bound molecules. We find that the onset of molecular conduction is shifted by changing the charge state of a silicon surface atom, or by varying the spatial relationship between the molecule and that charged centre. Because the shifting results in conductivity changes of s ubstantial magnitude, these effects are easily observed at room temperature.” Field regulation of single-molecule conductivity by a charged surface atom Robert A. Wolkow et al., University of Alberta and National Institute for Nanotechnology, NRC, Nature435, 658-661 (2 June 2005)

6. http://big.gsc.riken.jp/ http://www.top500.org High performance computing simulates biomolecules MDGRAPE-3 is a special-purpose computer system for molecular dynamics simulations. Its performance will reach 1 petaflops when it is finished in 2006. This is 12 times faster than DOE/IBM BlueGene/L DD2, the fastest general-purpose computer in the world as of November 2004*. - Hitachi, 130 nm technology - 20 pipelines for force calculations - peak performance of 200 Gflops The completed system will have 5120 chips and will simulate 1 million particles at 0.1 sec/step * BlueGene/L beta uses 32768 PPC cpu’s . It will reach360 Teraflops in its completed form in Summer 2005.

7. An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression Ehud Shapiro et al. Weizmann Institute of Science Nature, 429, 423-429, 2004

8. Smaller is bigger From hard to symbolic Expanding scope Blending of natural and synthetic - Distributed in space Blending of real and virtual - Morphing from static to dynamic Trends

9. Magritte, La trahison des images, 1929, Los Angeles County Museum of Art

10. Advances at the edge of traditional disciplines Connexions become the core of technology convergence Mega Trend

11. > P Bio Info Nano + S Then Now Cross-discipline linkages fuel Convergence

12. Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science NSF/DOC-sponsored report 457 pages http://itri.loyola.edu/ConvergingTechnologies/ July 2002

13. neurons bits atoms genes Bricks of the 21st century Inspired from James Canton, Institute for Global Futures

14. Bio Technology Computing Nano Technology Networking Modules of the 21st century Inspired from James Canton, Institute for Global Futures

15. Architectures of the 21st century Inspired from James Canton, Institute for Global Futures

16. 100 nM, 1 nsec 1000 nM, 1 msec Smaller is bigger: Silicon gates are already much smaller and faster than neurons … 10x smaller 1 000 000 x faster BUT … http://www.bridgeport.edu/~matanya/vlsi/ictutor.html http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwbgs/bgsa/neuro/neurohomebody.htm

17. http://www.rpi.edu/web/News/press_releases/2003/3Dchip.htm http://www.student.seas.gwu.edu/~dmlab/on_going_research.html http://www.bayarea.com/mld/mercurynews/business/6847572.htm http://www.tezzaron.com/products/technology/3D%20IC%20Summary.htm#3D%20IC%20Research Neurons are connected in 3D! Making 3-D Chips a Reality: Rensselaer Researchers Pioneer Interconnect Technology That May Take Chips Into 3-D (RPI) Sun researchers breakthrough: Wireless Method Used to Transmit Data Among Chips

18. and do massively parallel computing Metcalfe's Law The usefulness, or utility, of a network equals the square of the number of users. (NODES) (ARCHITECTURE)

19. 1959 There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics Annual meeting of the American Physical Society 29 December 1959 But I am not afraid to consider the final question as to whether, ultimately —in the great future— we can arrange the atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all the way down! Richard P. Feynman (1918 - 1988, Nobel 1965)

20. 1981 Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer and the Scanning Tunelling Microscope (STM) 1929 Helmut Ruska invents the Electronic Microscope 1986 All 3 awarded theNobel Prize for physics http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.html

21. Sir Harold W. Kroto University of Sussex Brighton, England Robert F. Curl Jr Rice University, Houston TX, USA Richard E. Smalley Rice University, Houston TX, USA 1996 Awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry for their discovery of a new form of Carbon, thefullerenes.

22. Buckminster Fuller Fullerenes http://www.chem.sunysb.edu/msl/fullerene.html 0.7 x nM Bucky-ball C60 ONE transistor of a Pentium IV is 180 nM wide

23. Then ? Now

24. Conventional CMOS transistor gold oxygen carbon Molecular switch (benzene rings) nitrogen sulfur hydrogen Gold Organic, biological - like “transistor” Scientific American, june 2000 Could it replace silicium? US patent No. 6,586,965 (2003)

25. Molecular crossbar latch logic:Lithography can produce it 10X … … The crossbar latch: Logic value storage, restoration, and inversion in crossbar circuits. Journal of Applied Physics97, March 2005. http://www.hpl.hp.com/news/2005/jan-mar/crossbar.html http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8039/8039nanoimage2.html

26. Actuators:Design of a Nanomechanical Fluid Control Valve Based on Functionalized Silicon Cantilevers: Coupling Molecular Mechanics and Classical Engineering Design Santiago Solares et al. Materials and Process Simulation Center California Institute of Technology http://www.wag.caltech.edu/nanovalve/

27. Biosensors & Molecular Switching in Artificial Membranes,V. J. Vodyanoy, Auburn University Here, we put forward a molecular switch capable of converting a single binding event into the movement of about one million ions per second …. The molecular switches can be triggered by various sensing elements such as antibodies, antibody fragments, polypeptides, DNA, RNA, and ion sensitive molecules. http://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/biosci/biosensor/auburn_i.html Engineered Bio-Molecular Nano-Devices/Systems (MOLDICE) Program http://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/biosci/moldice.htm Erwin Neher: Nobel 1991

28. Synthetic organs 5 millions cones 120 millions rods 1 million axons Artificial Retina Machelle T. Pardue; Neal S. Peachey; Sherry L. Ball; Alan Y. Chow; Jay I. Perlman; Evan B. Stubbs, Jr.; Vince Y. Chow 2 mm 5000 photodiodes http://www.optobionics.com/artificialretina.htm http://www.varrd.emory.edu/Tech-Transfer/retina.htmlhttp://www.vitreoussociety.org/pr2001/abstracts/symposium-4.html

29. Direct Brain-Machine Interface Learning to Control a Brain-Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates, M. A. L. Nicolelis et al. Duke University http://www.plos.org/downloads/plbi-01-02-carmena.pdf http://www.nicolelislab.net/NLNet/Load/Papers/TechReview.pdf

30. Biological Structure by Electronic Hardware Micro Array Technology

31. Grid Computing and Biological Structure aims to determine how some proteins of known structure fold dynamically Early 2005: 170 000 cpu’s, 200 Tflops, on-line storage of 40 TB http://folding.stanford.edu/

32. - In Vivo <=> In Silico - Science for Global Ubiquitous Computing - Memories for Life - Scalable Ubiquitous Computing Systems - The Architecture of Brain and Mind - Dependable Systems Evolution - Journeys in Non-Classical Computation Grand Challenges for Computing Research Sponsored by the UK Computing Research Committee, with support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and National e-Science Centre For on-going reports see http://www.nesc.ac.uk/esi/events/Grand_Challenges/gcconf04/submissions.html http://www.nesc.ac.uk/esi/events/Grand_Challenges/index.html

33. An “explosion” of knowledge … http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h_counts.htm

34. Convergence Complexity

35. http://www.ittc.ku.edu/wlan/index.shtml http://www.isi.edu/acal/slam/slam_intro.html Thomas J. Deerinck,, UCSD http://research.lumeta.com/ complexity interconnexions

36. Complex SystemsSystems of Systems Systems of (Systems of Systems) • Huge number of elements • Wide diversity of elements (from devices to processes) • Multiple scales in time, size and space (nano to macro) • Diverse nature of variables and links, hard, soft, symbolic • Unclear boundaries • Fuzzy / conflicting performance metrics

37. Complex SystemsSystems of Systems Systems of (Systems of Systems) • Behaviors emerge from dynamic interactions between all components, as well as the “environment” • Very hard to predict ( … impossible ?) • Not amenable to classical reductionist analysis In (great) need of design methodologies

38. A recent example of Complexity: the North-American Power Grid Black-Out of August 14, 2003 The Unruly Power Grid http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/publicfeature/aug04/0804grid.html http://www.tipmagazine.com/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-5/p8.html

39. Complexity and information systems Large projects - are difficult to manage - are late - and over cost LE GOUVERNEMENT ANNONCE L'ARRET DU PROJET GIRES “En 1999, le projet GIRES devait coûter près de 80 M$. En 2000, l'ancien gouvernement disait plutôt que le projet serait de l'ordre de 275 M$. Maintenant, le Conseil du trésor estime que GIRES coûterait près de 345 M$ ……” Sept 2003 Powerful, but brittle systems (of systems) http://communiques.gouv.qc.ca/gouvqc/communiques/GPQF/Septembre2003/30/c6453.html

40. Hierarchical & Linked Challenges moral ethical ? social desirable ? économics feasable ? implementable ? engineering physics possible ? And how to manage Complexity ?

41. search by author title Dewey # Ubiquitous access to knowledge … 2010 ? Web 2.0 conferenceOctober 2004 US Library of Congress 26 000 000 volumes ($260M) iLib , 2TB

42. Understanding Knowledge A Whole New Mind: Moving from the Information Age to the Conceptual Age Daniel H. Pink, Riverhead Books.

43. Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information? T. S. Eliot, The Rock, 1934

44. Une connaissance riche est capable de connaître le lien entre les informations, les données, les objets et le contexte dans lequel ils se trouvent. Edgar Morin A propos de la complexité - Présentation au Conseil scientifique du CNRS, 2002 http://www.cnrs.fr/comitenational/conseil/morin.htm

45. intelligente Une connaissance riche est capable de connaître le lien entre les informations, les données, les objets et le contexte dans lequel ils se trouvent. Edgar Morin A propos de la complexité - Présentation au Conseil scientifique du CNRS, 2002 http://www.cnrs.fr/comitenational/conseil/morin.htm

46. Marché d’esclaves et apparition du buste invisible de Voltaire, Dali, 1940

47. Depth & Breadth . . . A challenge for Intelligent Systems (and their research community)

48. C & C http://www.gel.ulaval.ca/~poussart/IS_2005.ppt poussart@gel.ulaval.ca

49. extras

50. In Europe Nanotechnologies Risk Analysis 143 pages http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_risk/events_risk_en.htm De Humanis Corporis Fabrica, Andreas Vesalius (1543)