Ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome The Roman Republic 509-27 BC

2. Latin speaking tribes settle on banks of Tiber river in the 1st half of 8th century BC Centrally located on Italian peninsula Apennine Mts do not present barrier to travel. Roman Geography

3. Pre-republic 753-509 • Etruscan influence • Ruled area north of Rome • Romans adopted many Etruscan customs • Togas, Fasces, Alphabet (from Greeks) • Also Etruscan Architecture such as the vault and arch • Rome became a true city under Etruscan rule

4. Political development • Overthrew Etruscans In 509 BC • Established Republic • Primary governing body was the Senate • Senate originated as advisory council of leading Aristocrats of Rome – Patricians • Initially only Patricians could serve • Didn’t make laws, only counseled and advise – later had force of law

5. Politcal continued • Senate elected two Consuls to be executive magistrates for one year terms • Selected from the Senate • Could not serve as consul again for ten years • Consul’s duties • Military leaders most of the time • Responsible for day to day governing of Rome • Each consul had Veto • Each was immune from prosecution while in office

6. Political cont. • In an emergency a dictator was elected for a six month term • Dictators had absolute authority • Usually led armies against enemies • Lictors – assistants to the consuls, carried fasces • As Rome grew , other offices were created to assist consuls • Questars – treasury officials and prosecuters • Censors – determined citizenship, public morals, who could sit in Senate. • Aediles – adminstered state festivals, supervised markets

7. Roman Law • Roman constitution developed over time • Praetors – assistants to consuls • Administered Justice and Interpreted law, established body of law over time • Ius civile – laws that governed Roman citizens • Ius Gentium – laws that governed relationships of Romans and Foriegners

8. Roman law cont. • Stoic idea of natural law eventually dominates Roman jurisprudence • Equity also becomes guiding principle • Practicality is overall principle of Roman Law throughout • Roman law eventually becomes foundation for all western law

9. Plebian political gains • Plebian council established – 471 BC • Represented plebian issues • Laws passed applied to all Romans in 287 • Office of Tribune created – 445 BC • Tribunes protect plebian rights in Senate • Had Veto • Eventually became as powerful as Consuls

10. Roman Society • Struggle of the Orders • Patricians – landed aristocracy • Initially had all political power • Could serve in Senate for life • Plebians – the rest of Rome’s citizens • Were protected as Roman citizens but had no political power • Goal was to achieve political equality

11. Struggle cont. • First gains made in 494 because plebians refused to fight in army • Lex Canuleia – 445 BC – allowed plebians and patrcians to marry • Twelve tables published laws for all to see • Licinian-Sextian laws in 367 BC gave plebians the right to be consuls and serve in Senate eventually one consul had to be plebian

12. Struggle cont. • Lex Hortensia – 287 – laws from Plebium council apply to all Romans – patrician and plebian • All citizens considered Equal under law • All citizens could aspire to any office

13. Roman values • Paterfamilias – eldest dominate male ruled • Women had few rights outside of household • Very strong family life • Roman religion was adopted from the Greeks through the Etruscans • Very ritual and ceremony based- most festivals to gods were legal requirements • As Rome expanded many Romans adopted Hellenistic philosophies • Romans retained practical attitude toward life.

14. Rome’s Economy • Primarily Agricultural - mostly small farmers • As Rome grows commerce becomes important • Develops minor metal industry and large ceramic industry • Local craftsman dominate trades

15. Expansion of Rome

16. Italian Peninsula

17. Conquest of Italy • Rome never adopted systematic plan of conquest • They used diplomacy as much as military force • Gained valuable allies by extending various degrees of citizenship to neighbors. • Adopted local customs and laws as well • Built a permanent loyal core of citizenship in Central Italy • Dominated most of Italian peninsula by 282 at the end of the Samnite wars

18. Pyrrhic War • Rome’s expansion alarmed Greeks in southern Italy • Tarantum initiates war against Rome in 282 • Gets help from King Pyrrhus of Epirus • Rome’s legions are defeated in first two battles – but Roman tenacity and manpower eventually overcome Pyrrhus and Tarantum and drove the Greeks from Italy in 275 BC

19. Mediterranean prior to Punic Wars

20. Punic Wars • Once Greeks leave Southern Italy, Sicily becomes a strategic location. • Carthaginians expanding northward • Romans fear Carthaginian Domination of Sicily • Carthage – founded by Phoenicians in 9th century BC – had dominated western Mediterranean • Negotiations for division of Sicily breakdown • Fighting breaks out over Messana – 1st Punic War begins in 264

21. 1st Punic War • Rome does not fare well initially because it has no navy – Carthaginians are seafaring people. • Roman army captures Carthaginian ship • Rome builds fleet but it is lost in a gale, build another and lost it also to a storm. • Eventually are able to engage Carthaginian fleet on their own terms and inflict 6 defeats out of 7 battles at sea. War lasts for 23 years • Allows Rome to control sea around Sicily • Carthage eventually gives up and Rome gets Sicily

22. Med prior to 2nd Punic War

23. 2nd Punic War • Many Carthaginians bitter over defeat • Romans claim Corsica and Sardinia in violation of treaty with Carthage • Hamilcar Barca leads Carthaginian expansion into Spain as way to restore Cathaginian power • Makes son Hannibal swear to hate Rome. • Rome and Carthage agree to divide Spain at Ebro river

24. 2nd Punic cont. • Hannibal attacks Rome in 221 BC • Attacks Roman city in Spain • Roman assume war will be fought in Spain • Hannibal surprises Rome by invading Italy in 218 • Hannibal achieves stunning series of victories culminating with the Battle of Cannae • Roman cities protected by walls that Hannibal cannot breach. • Hannibal looks for allies in Greece – Antigonid dynasty in Macedonia

25. 2nd Punic cont. • Hannibal hampered by lack of support from Carthage – Rome controls sea. • Romans finally defeat Hannibal by sending Scipio Africanus to Carthage to draw Hannibal out of Italy • Hannibal defeated at Battle of Zama outside of Carthage in 202 BC • Rome gains Spain and most of N. Africa • Carthage forced into very Harsh peace.

26. 2nd Punic War Map

27. 3rd Punic War • In 146 BC Rome destroys Carthage over a supposed treaty violation. • Rome gained tremendous amounts of territory as a result of Punic Wars

28. Rome After Punic Wars • Economic restructuring of the Republic • Punic wars had displaced many small farmers • Rich land owners formed latifundia or large farms worked by slaves. • Increased the number of propertyless, urban proletariate.

29. Conquest of Greece • Following end of 2nd Punic war Rome turns its attention to Macedonia • Following 3 attempts to establish a client state in Macedonia Rome annexs all of Greece as a Roman Province • King of Pergammon gives his kingdom to Rome in his will • Seleucid monarchy loses Asia Minor and Palestine to Rome after declaring war on Rome. • By 133 Rome controls all of Med except for Egypt • Call it Mare Nostrum

30. Conquest of Gaul • Julius Ceasar leads legions into Gaul in 59 BC • 10 years of campaigning results in thousands of dead • By 45 Caesar had subdued all of the tribes with defeat of Vercingetorix

31. The Late Republic

32. The Gracchi • Reforms of the Gracchus brothers. • Tiberius Gracchus - nobile in the Senate. – appealled to the Plebian Assembly. • passed through land reform • was assassinated by rivals • Gaius Gracchus – continued and expanded his brothers work. • killed when Senate declared martial law against him.

33. Civil Wars • Competition between various powerful men • Mismanaged wars and discontent of Latin tribes result in almost a century of Civil Wars • Social wars – Latin tribes demand and get citizenship.

34. Marius and Sulla • Marius and the new Roman Army. • elected Consul to fight a war in Africa. • Recruited Army from urban proletariat. • Used Senate connections to get promises of land for Veterans in his Army. • Army swears loyalty to Marius. • Marius retires in 104

35. Sulla is elected consul and goes to put down a rebellion by Rome’s Itallian provences. • Marius doesn’t like and returns to politics gets Plebian Assembly to declare him in command. • Sulla marches on Rome with his Army and chases Marius out. • Sulla leaves to fight another war with his Army and Marius Returns with another Arny and kills all of Sulla’s supporters

36. Rise of Julius Caesar • Caesar's early Life • Caesar goes into Exile • Caesar in Spain • Caesar joins 1st triumverate • Caesar conquers Gaul • Caesar marches on Rome – crosses the Rubicon

37. Civil war and the death of the Republic • Caesar pursues opponents around Mediterranean - catches Pompey in Egypt • Meets Cleopatra • Is made Dictator for Life • Is Assassinated in 44 BC • Several years of civil war end in 27 BC with Octavian achieving victory