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Unit #2 – Biological Molecules: What are the building blocks of life?

Unit #2 – Biological Molecules: What are the building blocks of life?. On the following slides, the yellow sections are the main points; summarize the slides in your notebooks. Underlined words = vocabulary!. Levels of Molecular Organization. Types of Compounds Txbk Ref pg. 157-158.

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Unit #2 – Biological Molecules: What are the building blocks of life?

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  1. Unit #2 – Biological Molecules: What are the building blocks of life? • On the following slides, the yellow sections are the main points; summarize the slides in your notebooks.Underlined words = vocabulary!

  2. Levels of Molecular Organization

  3. Types of Compounds Txbk Ref pg. 157-158 • Organic compounds - contain the element carbon(C) and are found in living things; with four valence electrons, carbon atoms can bond with numerous other atoms to create complex compounds. • Inorganic compounds withoutcarbon and are associated with non-living things. http://biobook.nerinxhs.org/bb/cells/biochemistry/1000px-Carbone_lewis.svg.png

  4. Examples of Inorganic Molecules CO2 water most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solutions http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/images/molecul2.gif excellent solvent (many substances dissolve in water)

  5. Monomers vs. PolymersTxbk Ref pg. 158 The biomolecules found in living things are composed of hundreds of atoms, sometimes more (AKA macromolecules). Cellscreate these by joining smaller molecules in to chains called polymers. [Greek polys = many, meros = part] A polymer is a large molecule composed of identical subunits called monomers. http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/options/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg

  6. Organic Molecules lipids proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates

  7. Carbohydrates Txbk Ref pg. 158-159 • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1:2:1 (C:H:O) • are made by plants (autotrophs) • are the body’s primary source of energy • are made of monomers called monosaccharides(meaning “1” + “sugar”). • Two basic forms: • Monosaccharides • Polysaccharides

  8. Carbohydrates Cont. • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. • Glucose is a monosaccharide [C6H12O6]. • Other monosaccharides:galactose (milk sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) • Note the ring shape of the molecule.

  9. Carbohydrates Cont. • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. • Starches (found in roots [potatoes] and other tissues in plants) • Cellulose (found in plant cell walls) • Glycogen (found in the liver and muscles of animals) • Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides, a disaccharide.

  10. http://www.neocate.com/images/uploads/from_wordpress/Carbs-Pic.bmphttp://www.neocate.com/images/uploads/from_wordpress/Carbs-Pic.bmp

  11. Carbohydrates Review http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/04%20Biochemistry/12%20Structure%20of%20Glucose.jpg • Remember that monomers make up polymers. • What is the monomer (or subunit) for complex carbohydrates? • Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your neighbor to answer the question.

  12. Lipids Txbk Ref pg. 160 • Chemically diverse organic compounds; contain C, H, O atoms • Found within the cell membrane; used for long-term energy storage • Classified as hydrophobic(insoluble in water) Insoluble in water • Two basic forms: • Unsaturated • liquid at room temperature • w/ double bonds • Saturated • solid at room temp, unhealthy • EX fats, waxes, also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)

  13. H H H C C C H O O O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C O H H Note the molecular structure “E” shape Lipids Cont. Made up of: glycerol + fatty acids chains

  14. http://thescienceofeating.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Book-Fats-Butter-Oils-2.jpghttp://thescienceofeating.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Book-Fats-Butter-Oils-2.jpg

  15. Lipids Review • The fatty acid chain of the lipids is often referred to as a hydrocarbon chain. Why? • Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your neighbor to answer the question.

  16. ProteinsTxbk Ref pg. 160-163 http://www.mcqbiology.com/2012/11/mcq-on-biochemistry-proteins.html • Very complex organic compounds made up of linked amino acids (monomer); containC, O, H, N and usually S atoms • AKA polypeptide • Needed for essential life activities in the body • fight disease • transport substances

  17. Proteins Cont. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/bio_enzyme1.gif • An enzymeis a protein which functions to increase rates in chemical reactions. • Proteins are found in muscles, hair, cartilage, nails.

  18. Proteins Cont. a carboxyl group are made up of: an amino group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/amino-acid-structure.jpg

  19. http://media.coreperformance.com/images/411*308/knowledge-protein1.jpghttp://media.coreperformance.com/images/411*308/knowledge-protein1.jpg

  20. Proteins Review • There are 20 naturally-occurring amino acids, and each one only varies in the structure of the R side chain. • Two amino acids are shown in the diagram. What are the R side chains in each? • Talk to your neighbor to answer the question.

  21. Nucleic Acids Txbk Ref pg. 163 • Large, linear macromolecules made of linked nucleotides (monomer); contain H, O, C, N, and P atoms. • Store genetic information in living things • Helps carry instructions for building proteins • EX DNA and RNA http://knowgenetics.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Bio-1-e1354321656394.png

  22. Nucleic Acids Cont. • Nucleotides contain: • A sugar • A phosphate • A nitrogenous base, of which there are four: • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine

  23. Chemical Reactions Txbk Ref pg. 147-148 • A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set the breaking of chemical bonds and recombination of atoms in to different substances. • When you eat a burger, your body has to process and change the carbohydrates and other molecules into parts the body can use. Products are the items up end up with (the right of the arrow). Reactants are the items that you begin with (the left of the arrow).

  24. An enzyme [typically ending in –ASE] is a protein that actsasa biologicalcatalyst. They work in cells tospeed up chemical reactions. The enzyme attaches to a specific substrateand react to produce products. Enzymes Txbk Ref pg. 161-163, 918-921 Examine the graphic to the right which shows the digestion of proteins in the intestine. Specific enzymes work to break the peptide bonds between amino acids and then free amino acids can enter the blood stream. http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/DigestivePics/Picture31.jpg

  25. Enzymes Cont. • Factors that can affect enzymes are: • Temperature • pH • Concentration

  26. Specific enzymes will only work on specific substrates; enzymes attach at the “active site” that matches the substrate . EX Salivary amylase attaches to starch Maltase attaches to the sugar maltose Pepsin attaches to proteins The Lock & Key ModelTxbk Ref Figure 6.23 pg. 162 http://stezlab1.unl.edu/reu1999/dputn226/ChemHelp/RET_Web_Pages/Enzymes/lock_key1.gif

  27. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/enzyme5.gif Video

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