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HORMONES

HORMONES. THYROID GLAND. Hormones of two types : 1. Iodine containing : thyroxin ( tetraiodthyronin ) and triiodthyronin – derivatives of tyrosine ; 2. Calcitonin - peptide.

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HORMONES

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  1. HORMONES

  2. THYROID GLAND • Hormones of two types: • 1. Iodine containing : thyroxin (tetraiodthyronin)and triiodthyronin– derivatives of tyrosine; • 2. Calcitonin- peptide

  3. Synthesis of iodine containing hormones is regulated by thyrotropic hormone, which in turn is stimulated by thyroliberin

  4. Functions of iodine containing hormones Necessary for normal growth, differentiation, sex and mental development Regulate the speed of metabolism

  5. Effect on protein metabolism In physiological concentration stimulate synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids. In the increased concentrationactivate the protein decomposition. Effect on carbohydrate metabolism Accelerate the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine Activate the decomposition of glycogen.

  6. Effect on lipid metabolism Activate the exit of lipids from depot, its decomposition and oxidation Effect on energetic metabolism In excess thyroxin uncouples respiration and phosphorilation, decreases the ATP formation and increases the heat formation

  7. Hyperfunction of gland – diffuse toxic goiter (thyrotoxicosis, Graves disease) • Goiter – hyperplasia of gland • Hypermetabolism • Increase of body temperature • Sweating, muscle weakness • Weight loss with good appetite • Tremor, emotional lability, insomnia • Exophtalm

  8. Hypofunction of gland(occurs in the deficit of iodine in water, soil, air) • Decrease of metabolism • Decrease of body temperature Hypofunction in childhood - cretinism • Growth inhibition • Unproportional body development • Disorders of mental development Hypofunction in adults – mixedema • Edema of mucosa mixedema cretinism

  9. Endemic goiter(occurs in the deficit of iodine in water, soil and air) Connective tissue is enlarged in gland and it is increased in size markedly

  10. Calcitonin • Is synthesized by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland • Affects the metabolism of Са and Р • Promotes the transferring of Са2+ from blood into bones • Inhibits reabsorption of Р in kidneys (decreases the content of Р in blood due to its excretion with urine)

  11. Increase of calcitonin • hypocalciemia • hypophosphatemia • hyperphosphaturia • Decrease of calcitonin • - hypercalciemia • hyperphosphatemia • hypophosphaturia

  12. PARATHYROID GLANDS Parathyroid hormone - protein • Affects the metabolism of Са and Р • Promotes moving of Са2+ from bones into blood • Inhibits reabsorption of Р in kidneys (decreases the content of Р in blood due to its excretion with urine) • Stimulates the absorption of Ca in the intestine • Дія зв’язана з вітаміном D (утворює активну форму вітаміну D в нирках)

  13. Hypofunction • hypocalciemia • hyperphosphatemia • hypophosphaturia • tetanus • Hyperfunction(Recklinghausen’s disease) • hypercalciemia • hypophosphatemia • hyperphosphaturia • osteoporosis • Accumulation of Са in tissues

  14. EPINEPHRINE GLANDS Two parts: -cortex -medulla

  15. Hormones of medulla - catecholamines • Epinephrine, norepinephrine and DOPA • Nature – derivatives of tyrosine • Excretion is regulated by sympathetic nervous system and brain cortex

  16. Functions: Stress hormones. Contraction of vessels, increase the blood pressure, accelerate pulse. Contraction of uterus muscles. Epinephrine relaxes the muscles of bronchi and intestine. On carbohydrate metabolism: -activates the decomposition of glycogen in liver and muscles -activates glycolysis, PPC, TAC and tissue respiration On protein metabolism -accelerate the decomposition of proteins On lipid metabolism -activates lipase, mobilization of lipids and their oxidation

  17. Hormones of cortex - corticosteroids • There are more than 50 corticosteroids • Nature – steroids • Are synthesized from cholesterol • Two groups • -glucocorticoids(protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) • -mineralocorticoids(mineral metabolism)

  18. Glucocorticoids Most important: corticosteron, cortison, hydrocortison Synthesis is regulated by ACTH Are transported combined with proteins Half-life time – till 1 hour In the decomposition17-ketosteroids are formed (excretion with urine). Diagnostic significance – index of the function of cortex of epinephrine glands and testis

  19. Functions • Antiinflammatory, antiallergic, antiimmune • Adaptive effect • Maintain the blood pressure • Maintain the volume of extracellular liquid

  20. Effect on protein metabolism • Stimulate catabolic processes in connective, lymphoid and muscle tissues • Activate protein synthesis in liver • Stimulate amino transferases • Stimulate the urine biosynthesis

  21. Effect on the carbohydrate metabolism • Increase the glucose level • Activate gluconeogenesis • Inhibit hexokinase(glycolisis) • Effect on the lipid metabolism • Activate lipolysis • Activate the conversion of FA into carbs

  22. Mineralocorticoids The most important hormone: aldosteron Excretion is controlled byrhenin-angiothensin system Functions: -activate the reabsorption of Na, water andClinkidney canaliculi - Promotes the excretion of К ions via the kidneys, skin and saliva

  23. Disorders of the function of epinephrine gland cortex Insufficiency: Addison disease (bronze disease) Causes: -injury of epinephrine gland cortex -insufficient production of ACTH Blood pressure decrease, loss of weight, weakness, anorexia. Hyperpigmentation - bronze skin

  24. Hyperproduction: Kushingsyndrom Causes: hypeplasia or tumor of epinephrine gland cortex Obesity, particularly of the trunk and face (“moon face“) with sparing of the limbs; striae (stretches of the skin) Proximal muscle weakness Hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth) Insomnia, impotence, amenorrhoea, infertility Heart diseases, hypertension Polyuria, hypokalemia hyperglycemia, glucosuria (steroid diabetes) Kidney bones Depression, anxiety Hyperpigmentation

  25. Aldosteronehyperproduction Causes: -aldosteroma Symptoms: -hypokaliemia -hypernatriemia -hyperchloremia -hypervolemia -edema, hypertension

  26. Sex hormones Are synthesized in: -sex glands -placenta -cortex of epinephrine glands A little amount of female sex hormones is formed in male organism and vice versa. Female – estrogens, progesteron. Male – androgens.

  27. Estrogens Nature: steroids Estradiol– is formed in follicles of ovarium Estron and estriol – are formed in liver and placenta in the metabolism of estradiol естріол eстрадіол

  28. Functions of estrogens Development of the female reproductive system organs Ability to fertility in reproductive period Biochemical functions of estrogens Anabolic action on the tissues of reproductive organs Inhibit the exit of Ca from bones (osteoporosis in menopause)

  29. Progesteron Nature: steroid Is formed in corpus luteum, placenta and epinephrine glands

  30. Functions of progesteron Prepares the endometrium of uterus to implantation of ovum Inhibits the uterus contraction during pregnancy Stimulates the growth of mammary glands

  31. Androgens Testosteron Nature: steroid Is formed in the interstitial cells of testis Is excreted as 17-кetosteroids

  32. Functions of testosterone Development of the primary sexfeatures Development of the secondary sexfeatures Stimulates spermatogenesis Biochemical functions of testosterone Strong anabolic action (stimulates the synthesis of NA, proteins, phospholipids) – increases the mass of muscles Keeps the Ca and P in organism

  33. Derivatives of androgens – active anabolics

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