Spanish Empire, Dutch Painters, and European Absolutism

1. Bell WorkThursday 1/29 Look in your book beginning on page 592 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. Why were Spanish cloth and manufactured goods more expensive then those made elsewhere? • 2. Who was considered the greatest Dutch painter? Name one of his paintings? • 3. What are absolute monarchs?

2. Absolute Monarchs in Europe Chapter 21

3. Section 1-Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

4. A Powerful Spanish Empire • Philip II- • Son of Charles V • Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and Spain’s American colonies • Philip was shy, serious, deeply religious, and aggressive for the sake of his empire

5. A Powerful Spanish Empire • Philip II’s Empire- • Controlled Portugal’s holdings, strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies • Received 1/4th to 1/5th of each ships treasure • Supported an army of 50,000 • Defended and supported Catholicism against Muslims

6. Golden Age of Spanish Literature • During the 16th and 17th century Spain experienced a golden age in arts • El Greco- • Means “the Greek” • Paintings represented the deep Catholic faith of Spain • Were often hard to understand • Diego Velazquez- • His paintings reflected the pride of the Spanish monarchy

9. Golden Age of Spanish Literature • Don Quixote-Published in 1605 • Called the birth of the modern European novel • Written by Miguel de Cervantes • Story surrounds a poor man who read to many novels about kings, than went crazy

10. The Spanish Empire Weakens • Inflation and Taxes • Inflation-The decline in the value of money • Causes of Spanish inflation • Population had increased and due to the increased need for goods merchants raised prices • The value of the silver bullion had decreased

11. The Spanish Empire Weakens • Making Spain’s Enemies Rich • Spain bought most of their products from France, England and the Netherlands • To finance their wars they borrowed money from German and Italian bankers

12. The Independent Dutch Prosper • The Netherlands won their independence from Spain in 1579 • They had the best banks and the best artists in Europe during the 1600’s • Rembrandt van Rijn- • Painted wealthy middle-class merchants and groups • Famous works also included The Night Watch and a series of paintings about Jesus

16. The Independent Dutch Prosper • Dutch Trading Empire- • Had the largest fleet of ships in the world • 4,800 ships • Dutch East Indian Company- • Dominated the spice trade and the Indian Ocean trade

17. Absolutism in Europe • Absolute Monarchs- • Kings or Queens held all the power within their states boundaries • Divine Right- • The belief that God created the monarch and monarchy to act as representatives of God

18. Bell WorkWednesday 2/04 Look in your book beginning on page 596 to find the answers • 1. What declaration was made in the Edict of Nantes? • 2. What was the job of an intendant? • 3. What was the result of the War of Spanish Succession?

19. Section 2-The Reign of Louis XIV

20. Religious Wars and Power Struggles • Henry IV- • In 1589 became the 1st king of the Bourbon dynasty in France • He was decisive, fearless in battle and a clever politician • Converted to Catholicism to make the people of France happy

21. Religious Wars and Power Struggles • Edict of Nantes- • Declaration of religious tolerance that allowed the Huguenots to set up their own place of worship

22. Religious Wars and Power Struggles • Cardinal Richelieu- • A strong minister appointed by Louis XIII to compensate for his weakness • Took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy • Moved against the Huguenots • Felt Protestantism was an excuse for conspiracies against the Catholic Church • Sought to weaken the power of nobles

23. Writers Turn Towards Skepticism • Skepticism- • The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain • To doubt was viewed as the first step to discovering the truth

24. Louis XIV Comes to Power • Louis XIV- • Most powerful ruler in French History • Viewed the state and himself as one and the same • His goal was to become so strong that the nobles could never threaten him

25. Louis XIV Comes to Power • Intendants-Government agents who collected taxes and administered justice in France under Louis XIV • Jean Baptiste Colbert-Minister of France who believed they should be self sufficient • Fan of mercantilism • Gave tax breaks to French companies • Recognized how vital France’s colonies were in terms of receiving raw materials

26. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • By 1660 France had a population of 20 million people • France’s army was superior to the other European Countries in: • The size of their army • Their training • Their weaponry

27. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • The War of Spanish Succession- • Lasted from 1701 to 1714 • Charles II of Spain had promised the throne to France’s Philip of Anjou • England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal and several German and Italian states joined forces to prevent the union of the France and Spain thrones

28. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • The War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht-Stated that Philip could remain king of Spain as long as both thrones remained separate • England emerges as the big winner • They captured the fort at Gibraltar • Received permission to send slaves to Spain’s American colonies • England also received Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (In modern day Canada)

29. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars • Louis’ Death and His Legacy • Positive Effects: • France ranked as the best European country in terms of art, literature, and statesmanship • Strongest military power in Europe • Negative Effects: • The Palace of Versailles plunged France into debt • There was resentment over high taxes and Louis’ abuse of power

30. Bell WorkThursday 2/05 Look in your book beginning on page 603 to find the answers • 1. What were the major conflicts during the Thirty Years’ War • 2. How did Ferdinand II pay the 125,000 soldiers who served in his army? • 3. What countries were allies during the Seven Years’ War?

31. Section 3-Central European Monarchs Clash

32. The Thirty Years’ War • The Thirty Years’ War • A conflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families that lasted from 1618 to 1648. • It can be broken down into two parts • The Hapsburg Triumphs • The Hapsburg Defeats

33. The Thirty Years’ War • The Hapsburg Triumphs • Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed Protestant forces in Germany and those hired by princes as well as the Czech uprising • Ferdinand II paid his 125,000 man army by allowing them to loot the areas they attacked

34. The Thirty Years’ War • The Hapsburg Defeats- • 1630 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his 23,000 man army drove the Hapsburg army out of Germany • 1635 Cardinal Richelieu sent French troops to help German and Swedish protestants fighting the Hapsburgs

35. The Thirty Years’ War • Peace of Westphalia-1648 • Weakened the Hapsburg states of Austria and Germany • Awarded France German territory • Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire • Ended religious wars in Europe • Created a method of negotiations for reaching peace

36. States Form in Central Europe • Economic contrasts in the West • Serfs in the west moved to towns and gained economic power through the development of capitalism • The aristocracy in Central Europe passed laws to restrict the serfs ability to gain freedom • The Ottoman Empire and Holy Roman Empire had been severely weakened by the 1600’s

37. Persia Challenges Austria • Frederick “The Great”- • Loved music, philosophy and poetry • His father feared he wasn’t militarily savvy enough to rule • When he and his friend ran away his punishment was to watch his friends beheading • He encouraged religious tolerance, legal reform and felt a king should act like a father to his people

38. Persia Challenges Austria • The Seven Years’ War- • 1756 Frederick attacked Saxony as a result all major European powers were now at war • Britain and Prussia on one side • Austria, France, and Russia on the other • The war was fought in Europe, India and North America • The War ended in 1763 with no major territorial changes

39. European Monarchs Timeline Directions: Please create a timeline the included 9 important dates (3 from each section) from Chapter 21 Sections 1-3. Make sure to include a sentence with each date explaining it’s importance.

40. European Monarchs Timeline

41. European Monarchs Timeline

42. Bell WorkFriday 2/06 Look in your book beginning on page 608 to find the answers • 1. How did Ivan “The Terrible” deal with the boyars during his “bad period”? • 2. What city did Peter build as the new capital of Russia? • 3. Name two ways Peter tried to westernize Russia?

43. Section 4-Absolute Rulers of Russia

44. The First Czar • Boyars-Russia’s land owning nobles • Czar-Russian term for Caesar • Ivan “The Terrible”- • The years 1547 to 1560 are referred to as his “Good Period” • He won great victories • Added new land to Russia • Created a code of law • Ruled Justly

45. The First Czar • Ivan’s “Bad Period” • He blamed the boyars of poisoning his wife Anastasia • Created a police force to hunt down and kill those he considered traitors • He gave the boyar’s estates to nobles he considered loyal to him • In 1581 Ivan killed his oldest son during a violent fight

46. Peter the Great Comes to Power • Peter “The Great”- • One of Russia’s greatest reformers • Ruled from 1696 to 1725 • “Great Embassy”-Peters long visit to Western Europe • Peter’s goals were to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques

47. Peter Rules Absolutely • Religious differences widened the gap between Europe and Russia • Russians practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity • Western Europeans were either Catholic or Protestant • Westernization- Peter’s goal of using western Europe as a model for change in Russia • This included a 200,000 man army paid for by heavy taxes

48. Peter Rules Absolutely • Peter’s plan for Westernizing Russia • Introduced potatoes • Started Russia’s first news paper • Raised the social status of women by inviting them to social gatherings • Ordered nobles to wear western fashion • Introduced school that taught the arts, science and navigation • St. Petersburg was built as Russia’s new capital city

49. Bell WorkMonday 2/09 Look in your book beginning on page 615 to find the answers • 1.Why was the death of Charles I considered revolutionary? • 2. What rights were guaranteed under the Habeas Corpus Act? • 3. How does a constitutional monarchy differ from an absolute monarchy?

50. Section 5-Parliament Limits the English Monarchy