US – EU Transatlantic Relations

1. US – EU Transatlantic Relations Overview European – North American Relations: Historic Overview The Evolution of the European Union Current Issues in US – EU Relations

2. Historical Development of Atlantic Relations Columbus (1492) Geographical expansion of European States overseas, lure of seemingly endless land Britain (North-east) France (Mid-West) Spain (South-West) Dutch (East Cost)

3. Colonial Pathways (1513 – 1783) Britain (1607– 1783) Dutch (1611- 1674) France (1523-1763) Spain (1513 - 1821)

4. European Powers in the New World (1713) England Dutch (1611- 1674) France Spain

5. Atlantic Relations After Columbus • Discovery of America ? • Encounter between two civilizations ? • Colonialism, exploitation, submission ?

6. Toward the US Independence Westphalia Treaty (1648), European Nation-States emerge In 1600s, English colonizers predominate in North America (annexed Dutch possessions) Dual sovereignty: King/parliament vs. settlers Loyalty to the king or independence? Successful Rebellion against British colonial rule 1776: Declaration of Independence Transatlantic interstate relations initiate

7. The Westward Expansion of the Federation (1789–1849) 1796: President Washington warned against foreign alliances (“isolationism”) 1803: the Louisiana purchase (trade) – French presence removed 1823: The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed the idea that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas and viceversa 1827: President Adams statement reinforce isolationism “America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own”

8. US in the 19th century 1846 - 1848: The US win Mexican war (former Spanish colony) Civil war (1861-5) between northern Unionist and southern Confederates, America focused on domestic issues and territorial expansion 1898: the Spanish–American War refers to the US-sponsored punctuation to the late-nineteenth-century turmoil in the Spanish colonies (Cuba, Portorico) seen as a danger for national security 1905: Roosevelt issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which allows the United States to "exercise international policy power" so they can intervene and keep smaller countries on their feet.

9. Europe in the 19th century Collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Holy Roman empires. Growing influence of the British Empire, the German Empire Link to a series of 21 animated maps showing the history of Europe during the 19th century from the Congress of Vienna to the onset of World War I in 1914. http://www.the-map-as-history.com/maps/1_history-europe-XIX-congress-vienna.php

10. US and WWI At the end of 1800s, US economy is the biggest in the world Attracted immigrants from Europe reinforcing cultural affinities US was reluctantly dragged into the First World War as a result of German submarine attacks on freight and passenger ships. It emerged from that war stronger rather weaker; 1918: For the first time in history, US troops land in Europe for military operations Drafted four million men, participated in navy operations

11. US and WWII But US behavior between WWI and WWII is often described as “isolationist” because of its lack of involvement in international diplomacy “League of Nations” created to delegate to a third party diplomatic negotiations Once again US was a late entrant into WWII after the significant Japanese military attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in 1941 US troops landed again in European soil, crucial to determine war’s end and subsequent post-war equilibrium

12. Allied Operations in WWII

13. After WWII – Marshall Plan US isolationism ended New bipolar order, US leading Western Hemisphere, URSS hemisphere, some socialist non-aligned countries (Yugoslavia, China) Interventionism in economic issues 1947: Marshall Plan, long term American assistance program for Europe aimed to “win the hearts and minds of Western Europeans” Humanitarian, social, economic, security issues after terrible war and destruction Contain Communist expansion in Europe Based on the idea of European ownership, paved the way for European integration

14. After WWII – NATO Interventionism in military affairs 1949: Creation of NATO Avoid that Europe develop autonomous military capabilities Broadly speaking, the US was the main actor of the Western hemisphere (democracy, rule of law, free market economy, international organizations such as IMF, GATT/WTO, UN, and the European Community

15. Forming NATO Created in1949 by the United States, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, and United Kingdom To counterbalance URSS international activism on Eastern Europe (Berlin Blockade) 1954: the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe…membership denied… 1955: West Germany joined NATO “Keep the Russians out, The Americans in, and the Germans down”

16. NATO’s Pillars Solidarity: “ The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense will assist the Party or Parties being attacked individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.

17. NATO’s Pillars Freedom: safeguard the freedom and security of its members by political and military means Security: Members safeguard their common values of democracy, individual liberty, the rule of law, and the pursuit of peaceful resolutions of disputes Transatlantic Link: NATO embodies common values and ideals between every member country that exist before NATO, but permanently tied them together

18. Structures of NATO NATO Political Structures Military Structures Agencies & Organizations

19. NATO’s Evolution After the end of Cold War, NATO was present during the break up of former Yugoslavia, and did take an active role in the Bosnian Civil War. Expanded in Eastern Europe, Central Asia NATO keeps relations with non-NATO states that share the same ideals and beliefs: Australia, Japan, South Korea, and New Zealand. After 9/11 NATO has taken an active role in helping Afghanistan make the move to a democratic government. NATO sent aid to Pakistan and other countries affected by natural disasters.

20. NATO’S MEMBERS TODAY Partner States: (in brackets non-European partners) Albania (Armenia) Austria (Azerbaijan) Belarus Bosnia Croatia Finland (Georgia) Ireland (Kazakhstan) (Kyrgyz) Malta Moldova Montenegro Russia Serbia Sweden Switzerland (Tajikistan) (Turkmenistan) Ukraine (Uzbekistan)

21. US Interventionism in European Affairs • Why the European Community after WWII? • Security reasons: novel structure of European governance capable to eradicate the very roots of intra-European conflicts after the horrors of WWII. → European Coal and Steel Community → Euroatom • Economic reasons: to rebuild Europe after the immense destructions caused by WWII → European Economic Community • Cultural reasons: transcend dangerous narrow-mindedness of “extreme nationalisms” and economic autarchy

22. The “Widening” of the EC/EU • In 1952, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands established the European Coal and Steel Community. • In 1957 the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC, referred as EC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euroatom). • 1973: first enlargement with Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland • 1981: Greece joined • 1986: Spain, Portugal (EC-12) • 1995: Sweden, Finland and Austria in the EU (EU-15) • 2004: 10 new countries from Central, Eastern Europe (EU-25) • 2006: Romania and Bulgaria enter (EU-27) • Almost 500.000.000 citizens • Current candidates: Turkey, Croatia, Macedonia, Iceland • Potential candidates: Bosnia, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro • Switzerland, Norway denied membership

23. The “Deepening” of the EC • In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community was established • In 1957 creation of the European Economic Community (EEC, referred as EC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euroatom) • 1960s: stagnation of the integration due to • Concurrent projects (EFTA) • Nationalist leaders (de Gaulle) • 1970s: relaunch of the integration • 1979: European Monetary System (EMS) • 1987: Single European Act (SEA) rationale for • Political cooperation • Single market road plan • Common currency as a goal • Social Europe

24. The “Deepening” of the EU • The Maastricht Treaty (1991): from the EC to the EU • Euro road plan • How to manage the single market • European Parliament became more important • Three pillars structure: • Economic Community (EC) • Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) • Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) • Copenhagen criteria (1997) for accession into EU of new member • Amsterdam (1999) and Nice (2002) treaties attempts to reform the institutions in advance of a significant enlargement • Constitution failure (2005) because France and the Netherlands rejected it • Result: from economic to political, monetary, juridical and eventually constitutional integration

25. The “Deepening” of the EU • Lisbon Treaty signed in 2007, effective December 1st, 2009 (Proposed after the failure to ratify the EU Constitution in 2005) • Re-engineering of EU institutions and constitutional framework particularly after of the accession of ten new Member States in 2004 • Further involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process • Where the EU do not have competences: taxation, domestic legal systems

26. The “Deepening” of the EU • Foreign, security, and military policy coordinated by intergovernmental negotiations, not EU prerogative • But Lisbon Treaty created a High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to present a united position on EU policies (incumbent Catherine Ashton since December 2009) • Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), Minister of Foreign affairs recently appointed for the first time • No military power but European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) interlinked with NATO • ESDP: no decoupling from NATO, no duplication of capabilities, no discrimination of non-EU NATO members

27. Defining European Integration • Voluntary linking in one or more domain(s) of two or more formerly independent nation-states (countries) with the result that sovereignty over key areas of national policy is shifted towards the supranational level. • Domains: economic, security, cultural, legal, and/or political • Formerly independent countries because member-states lose a certain degree of sovereignty → Different than US integration

28. Regional Integration When Countries (Nation + States) integrate: People + Institutions + Territories integrate

29. From Nation-States to Regional Integration: 3 Theories • Inter-governmentalism • Integration driven by the interests of member-states (EU as an international organization) • National self-reliance prevail in topic areas: sovereignty largely preserved • Members are independent actors, the EU is the dependent one • Supra-nationalism • Integration as a delegation of competencies to EU institutions • National governments do not detain full policy-control, significant shift of sovereignty • EU institutions exert a significant independent influence on members • Multi-Level Governance (MLG) • Multiplication of decisional levels: supranational, national, regional, and local • Decision-making stands at any level of government • Positive-sum game among multiple levels • Shared sovereignty

30. Defining the European Integration • From the EC to the EU • The process of merging European countries into (1) One economy • from the custom union to an economic union • common currency (2) A stable polity: • more trust of the citizens toward the EU institutions • more accountability of the institutions toward the citizenry

31. Defining the European Integration (3) Policy convergence • Regulation of the single market • Expenditure • Monetary union • Citizen freedom • Security policies • Foreign policy (not yet!) (4) Regime homogeneity • democracy • MLG governance

32. Economic Conditions of EU members • Heterogeneous: from the third economy of the world (Germany) to developing economies of new Central and Eastern members • Some countries industrialized, others more agricultural • Small and big countries • Specialization among countries or risk of centre/periphery within the EU → Internal frictions could affect transatlantic relations, return to bilateralism → Or, through the EU, improve relationship btwn US and new members from Central and Eastern Europe (after long separation during Cold War)

33. Political Conditions of EU members • All democracies (prerequisite for accession) • All had to reform in various degrees to meet EU criteria • Some are liberal democracies, others are social-democracies, others are recent democracies (post-communist) • Policy leaders versus laggards → Internal differences could affect transatlantic relations → But democratic stability in Europe is a US foreign policy goal since WWII

34. The Institutions of the EU • Communitarian institutions represent and defend the interests of the EU • The European Commission • The European Court of Justice • Other institutions represent and defend the interests of the member states • European Council (intergovernmental meeting among prime ministers) • Council of the EU or Council of the Ministers (intergovernmental meeting among cabinet ministers, foreign policy decided here) • The European Parliament represents the interests of the citizens

35. The Separation of Powers • The triple executive • The European Commission • European Council • Council of the EU • Legislative • European Parliament • Judiciary • The European Court of Justice

36. The decisional process of the EU “Uploading” European integration • through intergovernmental negotiations • “The setting of the rule of the game” • States are the prominent actors deciding EU rules, procedures and institutions “Downloading” Europeanization • In policy areas managed by EU, the Commission dictates rules and the Court of Justice monitors • “To play the EU game” • Able to stimulate domestic changes

37. European Integration and Europeanization The EU

38. US – EU Relationship since the End of the Cold War Collapse of the Berlin Wall Dismantling of the Warsaw Pact The dissolution of Soviet Union Unipolar system: the US is the actor with the most extensive structural power in IR Europe domestically focused on widening and deepening the EU (see above)

39. US Perspectives after the Cold War What to do? Three legitimate options: Focus on domestic issues, retrenchment of foreign policy (“neo-isolationists”) Multilateralism, seeking international collaboration to reduce costs, search for collective security and avoid imperialistic impulse Hegemonic imperative, global responsibility, leadership abroad (unilateral if necessary)

40. US – EU Relationship during the Clinton Era Clinton inherently multilateral, but Congress uninterested in foreign policy US reduced his strategic interest in Europe Initial non-engagement on Balkan crisis, later US intervention needed because the EU unable to manage a crisis on its surroundings Bilateral negotiations still important (US-UK) Different positions on International treaties: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban (1996) Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (1997) International Criminal Court (1998)

41. US – EU Relationship during the Clinton Era 1995: US, EU signed New Transatlantic agenda, joint actions for Closer economic relations Face global challenges Promoting democracy, peace

42. Bush Doctrine, “War on Terror”, and the Iraqi War 9/11: terrorism replaced Soviet Union as main security threat High profile clash over Iraq in 2003 “Coalition of the willing” preferred to NATO or UN channels Europe unable to speak with one voice Western European countries split: the UK, Italy and Spain sent troops (later Spain and Italy withdrew) Germany, France opposed For the first time, deployment of troops from Eastern Europe

43. Bush Doctrine, “War on Terror”, and the Iraqi War The “Bush doctrine” revitalized the “Grand American strategy”: Political unilateralism Juridical exceptionalism (Guantanamo, rendition) Economic imperialism (war for oil?) Cultural hegemony Boosted Anti-Americanism in Europe But transatlantic frictions did not start with Bush

44. The Rise of Anti-Americanism in Europe • Growing in the 1990s, weakened after 9/11, culminated with the Iraqi War • Aprioristic, irrational and prejudicial criticism of America • US considered responsible for most things that are wrong in today’s world • But the US does not have a monopoly on power seeking, many international problems have local roots and causes, and the US itself has regional diversity and cultural variety • Obama – reversing the route? 200.000 Germans listening his speech in Berlin (2008)

45. February 15, 2003: 500.000 protestors marched through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin to demonstrate against the impending U.S. invasion of Iraq. Meanwhile, millions of people protested around the world.

46. July 2008: Presidential candidate Obama addresses a speech in front of 200.000 people at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin

47. US Attitudes Toward Europe • The UK perceived more affordable than France and Germany • Americans wants to see a stronger EU • Rumsfeld criticized old Europe (critically on US policy on Iraq) and new Europe (supportive) • Obama at Berlin re-launched multilateralism and “one-world” idea • Will the EU role in tackling terrorism increase?

48. European Attitudes Toward the US Many member-states consider they have a special relationship with the US The UK, … Others consider it a potential threat France? Others? Similar analysis of threats, but different views on how to tackle such treats

49. The EU “Fight against Terrorism” Europe suffered attacks too (Madrid 2004, London 2005) Terrorism has propelled EU Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Agenda based on Prevention, tackling money-laundering Protection (Europol, Eurojust) Prosecution, judicial cooperation Consequence management, minimizing consequence of an attack After 9/11, action plan with 70 measures After Madrid Attacks, plan revised

50. The EU “Fight against Terrorism” Principle of mutual assistance in case of attack Creation of a European Borders Agency Closer cooperation with NATO Obstacles to closer intelligence cooperation Provides technical assistance to 80 countries Appointed counter-terrorist coordinator Concerns about possible abuses of human rights in tackling terrorism Avoid penetration of terrorism in Islamic communities in Europe In some states there is not perception of terrorism as pan-European threat