The Big Picture

1. The Big Picture When faced with crises, many heads of government take on additional economic and political powers. In England, absolute power was challenged during a civil war, which resulted in the creation of a limited monarchy. In France, a century of war and riots led to an increase in power by Henry IV and Louis XIII and the establishment of absolutism by Louis XIV.

2. Why we study this unit: The experiences of the British under a monarchial system greatly influenced the framers of the U.S. constitution. Louis XIV’s use of absolute power led to a revolution that would inspire the call for democratic governments throughout the world.

3. Essential Questions-English Monarchs (18.3) • 1. How did the Tudors and Stuarts differ in their relationship with parliament? • 2. What were the causes and results of the English Civil War? • 3. What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution?

4. Essential Questions- French Monarchs (18.2) • 4. How did Henry IV end France’s war of religion? • 5. How did Louis XIII and Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy? • 6. How did Louis XIV create an absolute monarchy?

5. Last Unit: Unit 3, The ReformationCurrent Unit: UNIT 4-ABSOLUTISMNext Unit: Unit 5- Enlightenment

6. KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE- English Absolutism (18.3) • Puritans • Charles I • Royalists • Oliver Cromwell • commonwealth • Restoration • Charles II • William and Mary • Glorious Revolution • constitutional monarchy

7. KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE: French Monarchs (18.2) • Absolute Monarch • divine right • Huguenot • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Henry IV • Edict of Nantes • Louis XIII • Cardinal Richelieu • Louis XIV • War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht

8. What does absolute mean?

9. Absolute Monarch: A ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with the nobles, commonpeople or their representatives.

10. Divine Right: This concept held that all monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged.

11. Absolute Monarchy • Absolute Monarch: a ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people. • Their goal was to controlevery aspect of society and people’s lives. • They used divine right to justify their power • The belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. • The monarch answered only to God and not to the people

12. Absolute Monarchies in Europe1550-1800 • France • Spain • England • Austria • Prussia • Russia

13. Movement towards Absolute Rule • As Europe emerged from the Middle Ages, monarchs grew increasingly powerfuland their power became increasingly centralized because of the following: • decline of Feudalism • the rise of cities • the support of middle class • Church authority was weakened

14. Causes of Absolutism Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay for troops Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts

15. Effects of Absolutism • Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas • Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful • Rulers created bureaucraciesto control their countries’ economiclife • Bureaucracy: a highly structured organization managed by officials

16. Limits on Royal Power in England

17. The Magna Carta (Great Charter) 1215 • The underlying principle is the idea that all must obey the law, even the king • It limited the power of the king • It guaranteed basic political and legal rights that came to be applied to all citizens • no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection of the law

18. Parliament • Parliament – a body of representatives that makes the laws for a nation • Made of both commoners (non-nobles) and lords • 2 parts • House of Commons (citizens of wealth and property) • called on by the king when a new tax was needed • House of Lords : (nobles and bishops) Membership was a right of birth

19. Petition of Right (1628) • Charles I signed it but later ignored by him • The petition set forth the idea that the law was higher than the king • It went against the theory of absolute monarchy

20. Habeas Corpus (1679) • Issued under Charles II • No prisoner could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime • A monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler • Prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trial

21. Bill of Rights (1689) – William and Mary • It made clear the limits of royal power • no suspending of Parliament’s laws • no issuing taxes without a specific grant from Parliament • no interfering with the freedom of speech in Parliament • no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

22. This created a limited monarchy in which the king had to obey the law and govern in partnership with the parliament. Significance of the English Bill of Rights William Mary

23. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1. That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament is illegal… 5. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal… 8. That election of members of parliament ought to be free. 9. That the freedom of speech, and debates or proceedings in parliament, ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament 10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

24. LOYALTY: • Based on what we have learned about the English monarchy, where do people’s loyalties lie? • Community • Church • Nation • Individual

25. Absolutism in France

29. What does this mean? Do you think an absolute ruler would agree with this quotation? Why or why not? “I am the state.”

30. “I AM THE STATE.” -King Louis XIV

31. King Louis XIV of France

37. 1. How did the Tudors and Stuarts differ in the relationship with Parliament? Under the Tudors, the monarchs worked with the Parliament to pass laws that favored Protestantism. The Stuart monarchs of James I and Charles I were firm believers in divine right and absolute power. As a result, the king would dismiss the Parliament for questioning his decisions or refusing to grant requests for money.

38. 2. What were the causes and results of the English Civil War? The English Civil War challenged the absolute power of Charles I, who had dismissed Parliament and collected taxes without approval. The Royalists supported Charles I, while the Roundheads supported Parliament. The Roundheads won and Charles the I was executed. The monarchy was replaced by a republic with Cromwell as their leader.

39. 3. What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution? During the Glorious Revolution, a peaceful transition of power occurred when William and Mary replaced James II. The new monarchs signed the English Bill of Rights, which clearly stated the limits of their power. As a result, a constitutional monarchy was established in England.

40. During the 16th century, a civil war was fought between the Catholic majority and the French Protestants known as Huguenots. After inheriting the throne, Henry IV converted to Catholicism to end all resistance. In order to end the wars of religion, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes which granted religious freedom to the Huguenots. 4. How did Henry IV end France's religious wars?

41. 5. How did Louis XIII and Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy? Louis XIII and Richelieu strengthened the monarchy by reducing their enemies power. After the siege at La Rochelle, the city walls were destroyed and Huguenot churches were forced to become Catholic. The power of the nobles was reduced using spies and public executions. In the Thirty Years War, France entered the side of the Protestants to weaken the Catholic Hapsburg Family.

42. 6. How did Louis XIV create an absolute monarchy? Louis XIV created an absolute monarchy by controlling all parts of the government. He reduced the influence of the nobles and kept a close watch on them at Versailles. He eliminated the religious rights of Huguenots by cancelling the Edict of Nantes. Finally, Louis expanded his military power by increasing the army and winning wars.

43. Essential Question 1. How did the Tudors and Stuarts differ in their relationship with parliament? • Tudors? • Stuarts? • What event did the Stuart’s disagreements lead to?

44. Essential Question: 2. What were the causes and results of the English Civil War? • Overall, why did this war break out? • Causes: • Monarch v. Parliament • Royalists v. Roundheads • Results: • King’s death • Cromwell leader • What becomes of England?

45. Essential Question: • 2. What were the causes and results of the English Civil War? The English Civil War broke out because the monarchs did not want limited power over England. Two factions developed during this conflict. The Royalists favored the king and the Roundheads, led by Oliver Cromwell, favored the Parliament. Ultimately, King Charles I lost the war and was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell became England’s Lord Protectorate and England became a Commonwealth.

46. Essential Question: 3. What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution? • What is it? • Why is it important? • English Bill of Rights • Constitutional Monarchy

47. Essential Question: • 3. What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution? • The Glorious Revolution was the bloodless transfer of power from King James II to his daughter Mary. This showed that Parliament had more power to limit the monarch. This was important because England was now a constitutional monarchy with a Bill of Rights.