3 : : :

1. 1 ???? ?????

2. 2 ???? ??????? ??????? 3 ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ????: ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? : ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????? : ???? ????????????????

3. 3 ????? ???  ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ..

4. 4 ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ? .. ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ? ?... ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????

5. 5 ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ( ICDL? ICCS ?....) ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ( ?????? ? ????) ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ( ???? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ...) ????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ??

6. 6 ?????? ??? Peer to Peer? Client Server? Lan? Wan? Man? Interanet? Extranet? Internet ????? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?? ( ???? : ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?.......) ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????

7. 7 ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? OSI ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? Tcp/Ip ? ?????? ?? ?????? Tcp/IP ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ( ???? : DHCP? DNS? ?Proxy? Mail? Ras? ...) ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ( Firewall? Proxy? ..)

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10

11. 11 ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????

12. 12 ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????(???? ????) ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??

13. 13

14. 14 ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????: ????????? ???? ??IT ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????.

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17 ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??: ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????.

18. 18

19. 19 ????? ???????  ?- ????????: ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?- ???? ??: ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?- ??????? ?????????: ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???. ? ? ????? ??????? ???????: ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????...... ?? ????? ??????: ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????.

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22

23. 23 ????? ?????? ??????? ?- ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????. ?- ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????: ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?... ?? ????? ???.

24. 24

25. 25

26. 26

27. 27

28. 28 ????? ????????  ?- ?????? ?- ???? ?- ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????(????) ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???.

29. 29

30. 30 ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (ICT) ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????.

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33

34. 34

35. 35

36. 36

37. 37

38. 38

39. 39 ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???: ? ???? ?? ?? 74 ??? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ??? ????. ? ????? ?? ?? 38 ??? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ??? ????. ? ???????? ???? 13??? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ??? ????. ? ???? ????? ????10??? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ??? ????. ? ??????? ?? ?? 4 ??? ?? 50 ?????? ???????? ????!

40. 40

41. 41

42. 42

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46 ????? ????? �???? ???????????? ???? ????????� �????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. � ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????� ????? ??????? ??? ? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???. �???? ??????� ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????

47. 47

48. 48

49. 49 ??????? ??? ???????  ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? (???????????? ???? ? ??????) ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?)??????? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????

50. 50

51. 51

52. 52

53. 53

54. 54

55. 55 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ( ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????) ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????

56. 56

57. 57 ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???. ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???. ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ??????.

58. 58

59. 59 ??? ???????? ????-????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????.

60. 60

61. 61

62. 62 ????? ???????? (???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ) ????? ???????? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???????

63. 63

64. 64 ????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????( SME ) Small Medium Enterprise ? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ( ????? ???) Incubator ? ????? ???? ? ???????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????

65. 65 ? ????????: ???? 13???? ????????? ???? ?????: ??????? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????????: ???? 11???? ????????? ???? ?????: ???????? ???????? ????? ? ???????: ???? 20???? ????????? ???? ?????: ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????: ???? 19???? ????????? ???? ?????: ???? ??? ? ??????? ? ?????????? : ???? 37???? ????????? ???? ????? : ???? ? ???? ? ??????

66. 66

67. 67 ? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????. ? 70???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ( ?????? : 45???? ? ????? : 25???? ) ??? . ? 1???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???. ? 5/0???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???.

68. 68

69. 69

70. 70

71. 71 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???- ???? ?- ????? ?- ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???????

72. 72

73. 73

74. 74 ???? ???? ????? ?????????? : ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????: ??? - ????? ????? ?? ?? Web-Based Training ( WBT ) ? - ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????Electronic Performance Support Systems( EPSS ) ? - ???? ????? ???????? Asynchronous Virtual Classroom ( AVC) ? - ???? ????? ?????? Synchronous Virtual Classroom ( SVC )

75. 75

76. 76

77. 77

78. 78 ?? ????? ???????: ???- ????? ?????? ????? (LMS) ? - ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (LCMS) ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????

79. 79

80. 80

81. 81

82. 82

83. 83

84. 84

85. 85 ? ? ????? ????? ????(?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????) ? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? �??????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????�? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? (?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???.??? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???. )

86. 86

87. 87

88. 88

89. 89

90. 90

91. 91

92. 92

93. 93 ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? �???? ??? ?????? Intelligent Home ?? ????? ?? ????. 

94. 94

95. 95

96. 96 ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ? .. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ( ??? ??????) ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ???????

97. 97

98. 98 ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ( ?????? ??) ???? ???????

99. 99

100. 100

101. 101

102. 102

103. 103

104. 104

105. 105

106. 106

107. 107

108. 108

109. 109

110. 110

111. 111

112. 112 ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? Engineering Concurrent ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????(?? ???? ?? ????? ????) ?????? ???? ???????? ( ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????smart )

113. 113

114. 114

115. 115

116. 116

117. 117

118. 118

119. 119 ? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ???????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ????.

120. 120

121. 121

122. 122 ???????? Online ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? Online ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? E- voting ????? ??? ?????????? ????:??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???

123. 123

124. 124

125. 125 ????? GTG : ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???(????? ?????)

126. 126

127. 127

128. 128 ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? (???? ?????? ??????????) ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ( ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ) ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ..

129. 129

130. 130 ?????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ... ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? �???? ?????? � ?? ?????.

131. 131

132. 132 ?????? �??? ???� ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? �??? ??????� ?� ??? ????� ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???.

133. 133

134. 134

135. 135

136. 136

137. 137

138. 138 These organizations resemble computer networks and are supported by computerized systems

139. 139

140. 140

141. 141

142. 142

143. 143

144. 144

145. 145 ??? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????

146. 146

147. 147

148. 148

149. 149

150. 150

151. 151

152. 152

153. 153

154. 154

155. 155

156. 156

157. 157

158. 158

159. 159

160. 160

161. 161

162. 162

163. 163

164. 164

165. 165

166. 166

167. 167

168. 168

169. 169 ?? ? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???.

170. 170

171. 171

172. 172 A system that collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information.

173. 173 It is accurate Free of errors It is complete Includes everything needed It is flexible Can be viewed in various ways It is reliable Results are always consistent It is relevant Applies to the issue under study It is timely Available when needed It is verifiable Basis for results can be traced It is accessible All those who need the information can get to it It is secure Free from contamination (accidental or deliberate)

174. 174

175. 175

176. 176 1? ???????? ?????? ?????? (TPS) Transaction Processing Systems Support/perform routine business events. Collect, store, process, and disseminate basic business transaction data. Provide foundation data for many other systems. May be complex and sophisticated. Essential to business success today. )inventory , payment , ..)

177. 177

178. 178 2? ???????? ??????? ??????(MIS) Management Information Systems Support routine decision making Access, organize, summarize, and display information. Emphasize routine reporting on known and anticipated issues. Also, answer queries and forecast trends.

179. 179

180. 180 3? ???????? ???????? Support Systems Office Automation � support for office workers ???????? ????????? ????? Decision Support � support complex, non-routine managerial decision makers (DSS) ???????? ???????? ?? ????? Executive Information Systems � support higher-level managers (EIS) ???????? ??????? ?????? Group Support Systems � employ Groupware to support people working in groups (GSS, GDSS)

181. 181

182. 182 ???????? DSS : 1 ? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???. 2? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???. 3? ???? ?????? ?? Interactive ????. 4? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???. 5 ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ???. 6? ??? DSS ???????? ?? DM ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ?? ???? MIS ??????

183. 183

184. 184

185. 185

186. 186

187. 187

188. 188 ????? GDSS : ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ) ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? IT ) Electronic Meeting System(EMS) ???????. ? ? ???????? ?? ?????? Organization Support ( ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???)

189. 189

190. 190

191. 191 4? ???????? ?????? Intelligent Systems Expert systems � capable of solving certain problems as well as human experts. ???????? ???? Neural Computing Systems, Learning systems � can incorporate new information and update their knowledge. ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????

192. 192

193. 193

194. 194

195. 195 PE ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????

196. 196

197. 197

198. 198

199. 199 The organization has multiple applications with related data files

200. 200

201. 201 Data redundancy � same piece of data found in several places. Data inconsistency � various copies of data no longer agree. Data isolation � data in several application data files is hard to access and integrate. Security � may be difficult to limit access to various data items in applications. Data integrity � data must be accurate and correct. Application/data dependence � applications are developed based on the way data is stored.)low isolation) Problems: Traditional File Environment Data redundancy � the same piece of data may be repeated in many places Data inconsistency � the various copies of the data may have different values Data isolation � hard to access data from different applications Security � protect the data so that only authorized users have access � harder in a file environment with so many applications Data integrity � making sure the data is accurate and in the correct form Application / data independence � desirable not to have to develop applications based on the way the data is stored. Need to have the two independent of each other.Data redundancy � the same piece of data may be repeated in many places Data inconsistency � the various copies of the data may have different values Data isolation � hard to access data from different applications Security � protect the data so that only authorized users have access � harder in a file environment with so many applications Data integrity � making sure the data is accurate and in the correct form Application / data independence � desirable not to have to develop applications based on the way the data is stored. Need to have the two independent of each other.

202. 202 Database Management System (DBMS)

203. 203

204. 204 Two choices: Centralized or Distributed(?????? ?? ??????) Choice will affect: user accessibility, query response time, data entry, security, and cost Option 1: Centralized database All the related files are in one physical location Provides database administrators with the ability to work on a database as a whole at one location Data consistency is improved and security is easier Files are only accessible via the centralized host computer Recovery from disasters is easier Vulnerable to a single point of failure Speed problem due to transmission delays Locating Data in Databases (Two Choices)

205. 205 Option 2: Distributed database Complete copies of a database, or portions of a database, are in more than one location, close to the user Type 1: Replicated database Copies of database in many locations Reduced single-point-of-failure problems Increased user access responsiveness Type 2: Partitioned databases A portion of the database in each location Each location responsible for its own data Locating Data in Databases (continued)

206. 206

207. 207 Locating Data in Databases (continued)

208. 208

209. 209 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? Attribute ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ????????? ???? ? .. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? )?? ????( ????? ???? ???????. Field???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???. ????? Relation ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????

210. 210

211. 211

212. 212

213. 213 ?????? ??? ?????????

214. 214

215. 215

216. 216

217. 217

218. 218

219. 219

220. 220

221. 221 ??? ?????? ??????

222. 222

223. 223 ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????  ????? ?? ???? ????? : 1NF ( First Normal Form) 2NF ( Second Normal Form) 3NF ( Third Normal Form) BCNF ( Boyce/Codd Normal Form) 4NF (Fourth Normal Form) 5NF (Fifth Normal Form) DKNF(Domain-Key Normal Form)

224. 224

225. 225

226. 226

227. 227

228. 228

229. 229

230. 230

231. 231 ????? ?? SQL(2)  Varchar(n) ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? n Date ????? ?? ????? 8 ??? ????? ???? ????? yyyymmdd Time ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? hhmmss Logical ???? ??? ????? Numeric(p,q) ??? ????? ?? ??? p ??? ? q ??? ?????

232. 232

233. 233

234. 234

235. 235

236. 236

237. 237

238. 238

239. 239

240. 240

241. 241

242. 242

243. 243

244. 244

245. 245 ????? ?? SQL

246. 246

247. 247

248. 248 ????? ?? SQL ???? : ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????. Select p# from sp Group By p# Having Count(*) >1

249. 249

250. 250

251. 251

252. 252

253. 253

254. 254

255. 255

256. 256

257. 257

258. 258 ????? ?? SQL ???? : S CROSS JOIN sp S JOIN sp ON s.s# = sp.s# AND Qty > 200 ???? : Select sname , Qty ???? : From s Natural Join sp

259. 259

260. 260

261. 261 What is a computer system? A computer system is an interrelated combination of components performing specialized functions to provide end users with a powerful information-processing tool. Computers have radically changed from their early beginnings. As the figure indicates, the� First Generation. First generation computers (1951-1958) used hundreds or thousands of vacuum tubes for their processing and memory circuitry. These were room size computers that generated a great deal of heat requiring large air conditioning and maintenance support. Second Generation. Second generation computers (1959-1963) used transistors and other solid-state semiconductor devices wired to circuit boards. Magnetic cores were used for memory and removable magnetic disk packs and magnetic tape were used for secondary storage. Third Generation. Third generation computers (19654-1979) began using integrated circuits consisting of thousands of transistors and other circuit elements etched on tiny chips of silicon allowing for increased memory and processing speeds of several millions of instructions per second (MIPS). Fourth Generation. Fourth generation computers (1979-present) use large scale integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) that cram hundreds of thousands or millions of transistors and other circuit elements on each chip. Fifth Generation. The next generation of computers should continue the trend toward more power, more speed, smaller size, and longer terms of service. Fifth generation computers may use superconductor circuits or other developing technologies to process and store information Teaching Tips This slide corresponds to Figure 3.3 on pp.95 and relates to the material on pp. 95-96. What is a computer system? A computer system is an interrelated combination of components performing specialized functions to provide end users with a powerful information-processing tool. Computers have radically changed from their early beginnings. As the figure indicates, the� First Generation. First generation computers (1951-1958) used hundreds or thousands of vacuum tubes for their processing and memory circuitry. These were room size computers that generated a great deal of heat requiring large air conditioning and maintenance support. Second Generation. Second generation computers (1959-1963) used transistors and other solid-state semiconductor devices wired to circuit boards. Magnetic cores were used for memory and removable magnetic disk packs and magnetic tape were used for secondary storage. Third Generation. Third generation computers (19654-1979) began using integrated circuits consisting of thousands of transistors and other circuit elements etched on tiny chips of silicon allowing for increased memory and processing speeds of several millions of instructions per second (MIPS). Fourth Generation. Fourth generation computers (1979-present) use large scale integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) that cram hundreds of thousands or millions of transistors and other circuit elements on each chip. Fifth Generation. The next generation of computers should continue the trend toward more power, more speed, smaller size, and longer terms of service. Fifth generation computers may use superconductor circuits or other developing technologies to process and store information Teaching Tips This slide corresponds to Figure 3.3 on pp.95 and relates to the material on pp. 95-96.

262. 262

263. 263

264. 264

265. 265

266. 266

267. 267

268. 268 CPU Comparison More Mhz is better, but this is not a good benchmark *across* different computer architectures. Mhz refers to the clock speed, so 1 Mhz is 1/1000000. A 1Mhz machine could theoretically execute a million instructions per second. But what an instruction is varies across architectures. On a pentium it may take 100 instructions to do a task, while only 10 instructions on some other type of machine.More Mhz is better, but this is not a good benchmark *across* different computer architectures. Mhz refers to the clock speed, so 1 Mhz is 1/1000000. A 1Mhz machine could theoretically execute a million instructions per second. But what an instruction is varies across architectures. On a pentium it may take 100 instructions to do a task, while only 10 instructions on some other type of machine.

269. 269 Moore�s Law

270. 270

271. 271

272. 272

273. 273

274. 274

275. 275

276. 276

277. 277

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290. 290 Twisted pair Two wires twisted together. Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link telephones.

291. 291 Coaxial cable Also two wires: One of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a tube. The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire Space between has a non-conducting material. Makes them more impervious to outside noise.

292. 292 Fiber-optic cable Light is electromagnetic. Can transmit more information down a single strand. It can send a wider set of frequencies. Each cable can send several thousand phone conversations or computer communications.

293. 293 Wireless Communications Media Include: Microwave Satellite Infrared

294. 294 Repeater - a device that receives a radio signal, strengthens it and sends it on.

295. 295 Communications satellites - microwave repeaters in space.

296. 296 Bandwidth - refers to the amount of information that a communications medium can transfer in a given amount of time. Bandwidth Measurements

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299. 299 The simplest type of twisted-pair phone cabling (Cat 1) provides a slow, fairly reliable path for information at up to 64 kilobits per second (Kbps). A better type (Cat 3) provides up to 10 megabits per second (Mbps).

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303. 303 Packet-Switching Technology Data sent in small standard sized chunks called �packets� Packets have headers with addresses of sending and receiving computers, Packet number & Checksum Packets reassembled by the receiver To minimize delays, network technologies limit the amount of data (number of packets) a computer can transfer on each turn. If only one computer needs to use the network, it can send data continuously. As soon as another computer needs to send data, turn-taking begins.To minimize delays, network technologies limit the amount of data (number of packets) a computer can transfer on each turn. If only one computer needs to use the network, it can send data continuously. As soon as another computer needs to send data, turn-taking begins.

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310. 310 Ways to Access the Internet at Home Telephone line and a telephone or dial-up modem. Telephone line and a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem. Cable TV line and a cable modem. Satellite dish and a satellite modem. Provider that offers wireless connection for your notebook.

311. 311 Telephone modem - a device that connects your computer to your phone line so that you can access another computer or network.

312. 312 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) - a high-speed Internet connection using phone lines, which allows you to use your phone for voice communications at the same time.

313. 313 Cable modem - a device that uses your TV cable to deliver an Internet connection.

314. 314 Satellite modem - a modem that allows you to get Internet access from a satellite dish.

315. 315 Wireless Internet service provider (wireless ISP) - does the same job as standard Internet service providers except that you don�t need a wired connection for access.