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NATURALISTIC INQUIRY: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OVERVIEW

DEFINE. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. A way to:GAIN INSIGHTS THROUGH DISCOVERING MEANINGSSPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATIONSUNIQUE TERMS

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NATURALISTIC INQUIRY: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OVERVIEW

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    1. NATURALISTIC INQUIRY: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OVERVIEW CLASS 2 Judith Anne Shaw, Ph.D., R.N. September 23, 2009

    2. DEFINE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

    3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH A way to: GAIN INSIGHTS THROUGH DISCOVERING MEANINGS SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATIONS UNIQUE TERMS & METHODS OF REASONING

    4. LOGIC OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Holistic world view not a single reality reality is different for each person reality is based on perceptions reality changes over time what we know is situation & context bound

    5. REASONING PROCESS PERCEPTION: PIECES TOGETHER TO MAKE WHOLES MEANING IS PRODUCED MANY DIFFERENT MEANINGS ARE POSSIBLE

    6. PURPOSE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH The formation of new gestalts and sometimes to generate new theories.

    7. GESTALT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT A PARTICULAR PHENOMENON ORGANIZED INTO A CLUSTER OF LINKED IDEAS.

    8. WHY FORM A NEW GESTALT To see the phenomenon from a new perspective, thus gain new meaning.

    9. GESTALT A person has an initial way of perceiving (or ‘seeing’) naďve and inflexible one and only way of seeing (Ihde, 1977)

    10. An Initial Gestalt ‘Seeing’ occurs - within a specific context of beliefs

    11. An Initial Gestalt SEDIMENTED VIEW (natural view) SEEING THINGS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A SPECIFIC FRAME OF REFERENCE, THEORY OR WORLD VIEW.

    12. EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE DECONSTRUCT INITIAL SEDIMENTED VIEW SUSPEND OR LAY ASIDE WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT AN EXPERIENCE

    13. EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE RECONSTRUCT ANOTHER VIEW

    14. RECONSTRUCT ANOTHER VIEW CHANGE YOUR FOCUS USE INTUITION NEW GESTALT ATTAINS STABILITY OVER TIME YOUR PERCEPTION IS NO LONGER NAĎVE, CAN SEE IN MORE THAN ONE WAY

    15. EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION ADDITIONAL INCREASE IN OPENNESS

    16. SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION VIEWING DEEPER LAYERS OF A PHENOMENON SEE MORE DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY MULTISTABILITY, GREATER CONTROL “ASCENDANCE TO THE OPEN CONTEXT” (Ihde, 1977)

    17. Experiencing Gestalt Change

    18. Experiencing Gestalt Change

    20. CHANGING GESTALTS IN NURSING STRONG TRADITION QUESTION IDEAS SEEK NEW PERSPECTIVES ABLE TO VIEW PATIENT FROM SEVERAL PERSPECTIVES SEDIMENTED VIEW DECONSTRUCT RECONSTRUCT SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION“ASCENDANCE TO THE OPEN CONTEXT”

    21. PHILOSOPHY & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH EACH QUALITATIVE APPROACH IS GUIDED BY A PARTICULAR PHILOSOPHY STANCE OR PARADIGM

    22. PARADIGM ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS OR VALUES THAT UNDERLIE HOW SCIENTISTS VIEW REALITY, TRUTH, AND RESEARCH

    23. PHILOSOPHY & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY DIRECTS: THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ASKED OBSERVATIONS MADE INTERPRETATION OF DATA

    24. RIGOR (TRUSTWORTHINESS) OPENNESS SCRUPULOUS ADHERENCE TO A SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE THOROUGHNESS IN COLLECTING DATA DURING THEORY DEVELOPMENT DECONSTRUCTION

    25. RIGOR (TRUSTWORTHINESS) Logic of emerging theory Clarity with which it sheds light on the studied phenomenon Reconstruction Ascendance to the open context-see more depth and complexity within the phenomenon

    26. MAINTAINING OPENNESS REQUIRES DISCIPLINE

    27. MAINTAINING OPENNESS EXAMINE MANY DIMENSIONS OF AREA BEING STUDIED FORM NEW IDEAS (RECONSTRUCTION) RECOGNIZING NEW RECONSTRUCTION AS ONLY ONE OF MANY VIEWS/WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA

    28. PAUSE FOR A MOMENT

    29. APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PURPOSE: to examine meaning

    30. PURPOSE to examine meaning

    31. Philosophy directs the selected research approach

    32. UNIT OF ANALYSIS the basic unit or focus of a researcher’s analysis.

    33. UNIT OF ANALYSIS Individuals/ Aggregates: WORDS OBSERVATIONS ARTIFACTS

    34. SELECTED QUALITATIVE APPROACHES Phenomenology Ethnography Grounded Theory Historical

    35. Phenomenology Philosophical Orientation not a single reality-each individual has his/her own reality reality is subjective; the experience is unique to the individual

    36. Phenomenology PURPOSE: TO DESCRIBE THE EXPERIENCES AS LIVED TO CAPTURE THE “LIVED EXPERIENCE” OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS.

    37. Phenomenology HOW TO: Identify the phenomenon of interest and explore with the participant the meaning of the phenomenon.

    38. Phenomenology Sampling: purposive Data Collection: varies; observation, interactive interviews, narratives, video-tapes and written description by participants

    39. Phenomenology Data Collection: varies (observation, interactive interviews, narratives, video-tapes and written descriptions)

    40. Phenomenology Data Collection: Collect data until meet saturation

    41. Phenomenology Data Analysis Themes related to the phenomenon are identified

    42. Phenomenology Data Analysis begins when the first data are collected goodness (rigor) of the data can be demonstrated by examples of the data; often direct quotations

    43. Phenomenology RESULTS: theoretical statements responding to the research question identification of themes which describe the phenomenon

    44. Phenomenology Nursing Faculty who have used this research method include: Patti Hansen-Ketchum Angela Gillis Judith Shaw Judith Cormier Patricia Hawley

    45. ETHNOGRAPHY PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION: the major concept, CULTURE (and subcultures) is explored rather than an adequate theoretical description ‘roots’ are in social anthropology

    46. PURPOSE to discover the meaning that actions and events have for the individuals of a culture (subculture) to develop a “thick description”

    47. THICK DESCRIPTION To make explicit the detailed patterns of culture and social relationships within the context

    48. ETHNOGRAPHY HOW TO: study human behaviour in the context of a culture start by asking broad, open-ended questions

    49. ETHNOGRAPHY Sampling: purposive; work with ‘key informants’ representative of the group under study

    50. ETHNOGRAPHY Data Collection: Participative observation; interviews, life histories, films, photographs Collect data until meet saturation saturated data are rich, full & complete

    51. ETHNOGRAPHY DATA ANALYSIS: coding, transform data into recognizable patterns, themes and link ideas….like putting together a jigsaw puzzle

    52. ETHNOGRAPHY DATA ANALYSIS culture specific identify patterns and rules of the informant’s culture

    53. ETHNOGRAPHY DATA ANALYSIS : “Emic perspective” - informant’s perspective of reality “Etic perspective” - researcher’s perspective of the studied setting/actions Compare “emic”and “etic” perspectives and explore differences

    54. ETHNOGRAPHY RESULTS: present (describe and explain) the culture as experienced by its members

    55. ETHNOGRAPHY NURSING FACULTY who have used this research approach include: Judith Shaw

    56. GROUNDED THEORY Philosophical Orientation: Symbolic Interaction Theory Process of interaction between people exploring human behaviour and social roles How people’s beliefs are related to their actions

    57. GROUNDED THEORY PURPOSE: generate, modify and/or extend theory

    58. GROUNDED THEORY HOW TO: Start with an area of interest Based on data, allow relevant ideas to develop Most structured form of qualitative research

    59. GROUNDED THEORY Sampling: Theoretical sampling

    60. Theoretical Sampling sampling for participants who are able to add depth to the process under study-continue throughout the study and is not planned before the study

    61. GROUNDED THEORY DATA COLLECTION/ANALYSIS: begins after the first data are collected

    62. GROUNDED THEORY constant comparison- the researcher compares each section of the data with every other section throughout the study

    63. GROUNDED THEORY constant coding- core variable, concepts, and/or themes are identified and named

    64. GROUNDED THEORY RESULTS: emerging ideas are grounded in the data development of a substantive theory

    65. GROUNDED THEORY NURSING FACULTY who have used this research approach include: Marian MacLellan Judy Cormier Judith Shaw

    66. HISTORICAL PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION: initial philosophy developed by Voltaire, to look at general lines of development versus indiscriminate presentations of details

    67. HISTORICAL PURPOSE: to better understand the process of change

    68. HISTORICAL HOW TO: To give meaning to each fact within an ensemble of other meanings formulate an idea develop a research question

    69. HISTORICAL SAMPLING: documents, journals, personal papers, and person(s) who can provide oral histories

    70. HISTORICAL DATA COLLECTION: helpful to review materials from one organization at a time interview individuals who will provide oral histories often an excess of information; establish data collection and analysis plan(s)

    71. HISTORICAL DATA ANALYSIS: systematically screen for relevant material seek to gain insights from individuals providing oral histories

    72. HISTORICAL RESULTS: may compare the past with the present apply insights gained from the past to present situations to better understand the process of change

    73. CRITICAL SOCIAL THEORY Philosophy 1920-30 German scholars, Frankfurt School influenced by Karl Marx 1971 Habermas

    74. CRITICAL SOCIAL THEORY PURPOSE how people communicate and develop symbolic meanings sociopolitical critique transforming society versus mainstreaming the status quo

    75. Possible Critical Themes to Explore #1 Social institutions – transformation through interpreting the meanings of social life

    76. Possible Critical Themes to Explore #2 Historical problems of domination, alienation, and social struggles

    77. Possible Critical Themes to Explore #3 Critique of society and envisioning of new possibilities

    78. Quantitative & Qualitative Research Characteristics Quantitative Research Hard Science Focus: Concise & Narrow Reductionistic Objective Reasoning: Logistic, Deductive Basis of Knowing: Cause & Effect, Relationships Qualitative Research Soft Science Focus: Complex & Broad Holistic Subjective Reasoning: Dialectic, Inductive Basis of Knowing: Meaning, Discovery

    79. Quantitative Qualitative Research Research Tests Theory Control Instruments Basic Element of Analysis: Numbers Statistical Analysis Generalization Develop Theory Shared Interpretation Communication & Observation Basic Element of Analysis: Words Individual Interpretation Uniqueness

    80. REMEMBER YOU ARE UNIQUELY IMPORTANT

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