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9-11 and the war on terrorism history and ideology some slides and information from the work of mary habeck associate p

Islamism (salafi Islam, fundamentalism) (15-20%?)Islam must have political power and a state Response to European colonialismModernism and the turn to IslamBut no unanimity about democracyJihadism (salafiyya jihadiyya) (<1%?) 15 Mill. Extremist version of IslamismNo gradual implementation or political processOnly violence can recreate an idealized Islamic state called the

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9-11 and the war on terrorism history and ideology some slides and information from the work of mary habeck associate p

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    1. 9-11 and the War on TerrorismHistory and IdeologySome slides and information from the work of Mary Habeck Associate Professor of Military HistoryYale University

    3. Kaaba (Cube) is the center of the holiest place of worship in Islam (Submission)

    4. The Prophet Muhammad Born 570 Orphaned as a boy – raised by his uncle Abu Talib a merchant Married a wealthy widow/merchant (Khadijah) The “Message” comes to him when he is about 40 years old After overcoming his doubt and fear he begins to preach in Mecca

    5. The Hijra Persecution leads him and his followers to move to Yathrib/Medina War rages between the cities of Mecca and Medina Battle of Badr (624) Battle of the Trench (627)

    7. The “Rashidin” or rightly guided Caliphs

    8. The Caliphate grew rapidly Under the Umayyads. Damascus as its capital. This made it one of the largest unitary states in history. (Africa, Europe, and Asia).

    9. Significance of Karbala 680 Muharram, first month of the Islamic calendar. Muslims commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn, (Imam) the grandson of the Prophet Mohammad and spiritual leader of the Shi'a people.

    15. World War I

    18. Philosophical Foundations of Islamist Fundamentalism

    19. Ibn Taymiya 1263-1328 Islam has given to idolatry and innovation Denounced Sufi practices First 3 generations of Islam were the best models of Islamic life Their Sunnah, or practice, combined with a literal interpretation of the Queran constitute an infallible guide to life Heavily influenced Abd al Wahhab

    20. Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab 1703-1792 Most famous scholar of the Wahhabi (Salafi) sect Forged a pact with the chieftain Muhammad Ibn Saud ensuring that regions conquered by his tribe would follow his teachings on Islam Ibn Saud and his heirs spread this ideology for 140 years and founded Saudi Arabia Strong influence on bin Laden, al Zawarhiri and al Zarqawi

    21. Salafi Fundamentalism "Salafi" is an umbrella term for adherents of a particular form of Islamic revivalism who vary amongst themselves as to its definition, but share a rejection of contemporary Islamic teachings in favor of a return to the Salaf, as Islam was practiced during the first three generations of Muslims.

    22. Hasan al-Banna 1906-1949

    23. Sayyid Qutb 1906-1966

    24. Azzam galvanized the Muslim masses to wage an international holy war against all infidels and non-believers until the enemies of Islam were defeated.

    25. Shaikh Azzam BA Syria 66 -MA Egypt 68 – PhD Egypt 73 Teaches at the University of Jordan, but his radical views were suppressed there. Moved to Saudi Arabia and lectures at King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah Osama bin Laden had grown up in Jeddah, and was enrolled as a student in the university there between 1976 and 1981 and he probably first made contact with Shaikh Azzam at that time. Azzam in Afghanistan – Recruitment, organization, training. Local to Global Jihad Bin Laden in Afghanistan – Financing and logistics.

    27. Basic ideology of jihadism Aberrant definitions of jihad and tawhid (Monotheism) Believe that only they are the true believers (the saved sect); all others are merely “Muslims” Hostile unbelievers control the world and desire the destruction of Islam

    28. Contrasting definitions between Islam and jihadism Islam There is only one God Only he has the right to be worshiped - Anyone who worships another god is sinning and after death, he will be judged by God. Jihadism There is only one God Only he has the right to be worshiped and obeyed - Anyone who obeys the laws created by a human being is committing idolatry and must be killed.

    29. Contrasting definitions of jihad Islam Struggle and war Jihad as an “internal individual duty” and “external communal duty” Today: jihad is an internal struggle and defensive (just) war Jihadism Jihad as primarily fighting Jihad has become an “individual duty” for all Muslims The internal jihad is a Sufi fraud Today: jihad is individual duty; Tomorrow: jihad will be a communal duty

    30. Jihadism’s war with other Muslims Ideological: Aimed at converting other Muslims to jihadism or to supporting their jihads Jihadism is the only authentic Islam Participation in jihad is necessary for salvation Political: Creating a Caliphate Controlling territory and implementing Islamic law (promoting virtue and preventing vice) No other state has any legitimacy Military: Must fight Muslims who actively oppose jihadism or who actively support the unbelievers Liberal and secular Muslims “Apostates” such as Sufis, Shi‘a, Ahmadis or political leaders

    31. Jihadism’s appeal to other Muslims Authentic Islam Sacrificing lives for the community Revenge and retribution Jihad as participation in liberation and salvation Attach immoral/evil societies both at home and abroad The conspiratorial vision of history

    32. Jihadism’s war with non-Muslims War plans (following the sira or life of Muhammad):

    33. Gama‘a al-Islamiyya: From tourists as occupiers and polluters to attacking the “greater unbelief”

    34. Egyptian Islamic Jihad:Killing the apostate ruler

    35. Jama‘ah Islamiyah: Tourists as occupiers and polluters

    36. al-Qa‘ida:The US as the “greater unbelief”

    37. Why 9/11? Strike a stunning blow to the US to: Convince US to leave all Islamic lands Convince all other Muslims to join al-Qa‘ida’s war with the US and the apostate puppets Without the support of the US, its apostate puppets would soon fall to the energized jihadist movement

    39. al-Qa‘ida and the War on Terror The loss of Afghanistan was not expected. Afghanistan was the object of hijra and the starting point for the Caliphate. It was also the training ground and sanctuary for jihad around the world. The invasion of Iraq was also not expected. It is now seen as both a danger and an opportunity. A danger if democracy succeeds. An opportunity if it fails.

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