1 / 36

Keith Clifford Bell Social, Environment and Rural Development (EASER) Sustainable Development Department East Asia and

Successes and challenges for maintaining a gender-equitable focus from concept note to implementation and beyond the project cycle: Examples from EAP Land Administration Projects . Keith Clifford Bell Social, Environment and Rural Development (EASER) Sustainable Development Department

berget
Download Presentation

Keith Clifford Bell Social, Environment and Rural Development (EASER) Sustainable Development Department East Asia and

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Successes and challenges for maintaining a gender-equitable focus from concept note to implementation and beyond the project cycle: Examples from EAP Land Administration Projects Keith Clifford Bell Social, Environment and Rural Development (EASER) Sustainable Development Department East Asia and the Pacific Region The World Bank WASHINGTON D.C., USA

  2. Is land an important gender issue? A. Yes B. Maybe C. No D. None of these 50:50 ☎

  3. Natural Disaster i

  4. Presentation Outline 1. Complexity of land issues 2. Some views from ASEAN 3. Overview of LAM Projects 4. Project Specific Issues: • Thailand • Laos • Indonesia • Philippines • Vietnam 5. Conclusions

  5. Land Issues are Complex & Cross-sectoral Rights over resources & productive assets help shape the degree of empowerment autonomy & the scope of economic, social & political participation of women. • Public Administration of Land • State land management & land allocation • Land valuation & land taxation • Dispute and conflict resolution; Justice for the poor • Land Development - Land acquisition & compensation • Urban growth & spatial planning; Rural-urban transition • ICT opportunities & access to land administration services • Use rights • Tenure security – Formal & informal • Livelihoods and food security • Transfer rights • Sell/Inheritance • Mortgage & access to credit/insurance • Disasters - especially those living on marginal lands

  6. ASEAN - Key Challenges • Unfavorable legal framework: Land is predominantly “owned” by males. • Constraining customary & intra-HH environment: Land-titling is usually under father & son names, as they carry the cultural tradition of being “bread winners”. • Limited opportunities: Access to credit is predominantly biased against women as they lack assets which financial institutional institutions require as collateral. Hence women pushed to access informal credit which is more expensive & exploitive. ASEAN, Third Report on “The Advancement of Women in ASEAN”, May 2007.

  7. ASEAN – Key Gender Issues for Land 1. Productive assets such as land, capital, labor & technology remain predominantly within the control of men, which therefore deter women’s full participation in society. 2. Weak capacity of the land administration system & institutional biases which impact the scope of economic, social & political participation of women 3. Limited availability of data for ownership indicators: land & housing; access to capital & credit; access to technology & information ASEAN, Third Report on “The Advancement of Women in ASEAN”, May 2007.

  8. World Bank Support for Land Sector • The World Bank has been directly engaged in supporting the land sub-sector for more than 30 years. • This work can be broadly divided into two key areas: (i) support for policy development including analytical & TA; & (ii) investment lending to support development &reconstruction. • Currently the World Bank is supporting land administration projects around the globe with a total value of around US $1.5 billion. • These projects have had varying emphases on institutional & policy reform, capacity building, tenure security, land management, governance, social equity, economic development, & service delivery ,

  9. Financing for Land Administration Projects

  10. Analytical & TA for Land Administration Projects

  11. Thailand Land Titling Program: LTP1, 2 & 3 (1984-2002) Focus of the program was providing tenure security & building a sustainable land administration system. Support provided for land titling, valuation, capacity building, training, education, institutional strengthening. Outputs: • 9 million titles were distributed to land owners. • Strong capacity Sustainability: very sustainable program still running. Observation: A very high proportion of women in IT positions (incl management) whilst men dominate surveying & field ops.

  12. Thailand Program: Gender Issues • Little specific focus on benefits for women - in project objectives, design, monitorable indicators, specific actions or analysis related to poverty & gender issues. • Social/gender specialists were a minor presence in both project preparation & supervision. • SEEIA did not specifically analyze the impact of land titling on gender. • ICR LTP1- “Anecdotal evidence suggests the project has had a positive impact on women”

  13. Thailand – Lessons Learned • Experience in other countries suggests that the program’s “neutral” approach to vulnerable groups – viz. that the nature of the project will automatically mean that they will benefit without any special measures – is not necessarily borne out in practice. • Thailand’s approach was adopted at the beginning of Laos’ program, but independent research identified a significant risk, i.e. customary land ownership as traditionally recognized in the village could switch during titling to certified ownership in the man’s name. To counteract this Laos introduced a strong gender inclusion program with strong LWU engagement.

  14. Lao PDR: LTP & LTP2(1997-2009) Overall, remarkable performance in proactively protecting the rights of women with respect to land - 3 key strategies: • ensuring that the tenure rights of women were not lost during the transition from customary to official land systems by actively promoting gender sensitivity training for field adjudication staff & public education campaigns that explicitly addressed women’s land rights issues in partnership with the LWU; • promoting the employment of women in land institutions at all levels of government; • expanding women’s access to specialized technical education at the Polytechnic College, thus ensuring that they are proportionately represented in the medium & long terms.

  15. Lao PDR: Outcomes Tenure Security: • 37.5% of titles issued to women-compared to 23.4% to men. (approx 400,000 titles distributed) • 29.3% issued jointly to spouses under LTP 2. • Over the life of both LTP I & II, joint titles increased from <3% to 40+%. Employment of Women: • Central : 22% Provincial: 33% Field Teams: 22% Education: • 55% of the students enrolled in 2007-2008 were female (>the 30% target)

  16. Lao PDR: Key Lessons • Good public awareness • External agency role of LWU to support gender inclusion and general public awareness • Management commitment (mostly) • Good M&E • Focused TA support

  17. Indonesia: Key Issues 1. Women’s right to land under adatlaw were weakened during the Dutch colonial period through the creation of modern state administration system. The Dutch Civil Code overruled adat laws & principles of land ownership, establishing the husband as the legal head of household & in the absence of a pre-nuptial agreement, a husband automatically gained the right to manage & control his wife’s independently-owned property. 2. Three laws/traditions guide property rights of women in Indonesia : • state law, • Islamic Law • customary practices & cultural traditions.

  18. Indonesia: LAP 1994-2001 & LMPDP (2004-09) LAP - Outputs • Approx 2 million titles distributed - but no gender disaggregated data. • Training, capacity building & education • Institutional strengthening & policy development LMPDP - Outputs • Approx 2 million land titles registered – (20% in name of women, 5% in joint names) • High levels of participation of women in public awareness campaigns • 3 x LAM education programs (3 different universities), each with 2 intakes of around 10 personnel – 30% women • Approx 1000 LGU personnel trained in LAM – no gender disaggregated data Key Issues • Management – capacity & commitment • Weak M&E • Weak SEEIA - unreliable

  19. Indonesia: LAP & LMPDP - Lessons • Weak M&E systems – unreliable monitoring • SEEIA –methodology, analysis – not robust • Limited inclusion of women in field teams • Outreach programs could be strengthened if additional programs undertaken outside of (male-dominated) field teams for land titling • Striking a delicate balance between customary practices & formal titling. Programs are easy to design but difficult to implement & monitor

  20. Indonesia: RALAS (2005-09) 1. Prepared under emergency conditions following the tsunami. 2. Aceh 30 year civil war (ended in Aug. 2005) 3. The First WB-MDF funded project to be approved 4. The project design incorporated protection of women’s land rights. 5. RALAS used several activities to address gender concerns incl. - - - special informational meetings for women, - facilitated mobile Shari’ah court to provide advice & support on inheritance, guardianship issues & resolution of land disputes in affected areas, - promotion of land registration in women’s names or jointly with spouse

  21. Engaging the Community

  22. Indonesia: RALAS. Key Outcomes • 222,628 land titles distributed – 28% distributed to women or joint owners • In the final project year 2008-09, 108,000 titles were distributed of which 37% were in the name of women & 3.6% in joint names • Joint Land Titling Policy adopted : RALAS was designed to be the first program to systematically formalize hitherto women’s customary land rights.

  23. Indonesia: RALAS. Lessons Learned 1. Project prepared under emergency conditions – strengths & weaknesses 2. Project design specifically incl. procedures to protect the rights of vulnerable groups such as widows & orphans – Replicable 3. Full-time project monitoring team from World Bank – essential for success 4. PIBA – provided reliable validation of data , particularly important when there is a weak M&E system 5. Obstacles to women’s participation: • insufficient female personnel in the field teams • absence of gender-specific information materials; also local language (Acehnese) • mixing men & women in the socialization meetings • inconvenient time schedules or venues for women (family responsibilities)

  24. A title is only good if there is good governance

  25. Philippines: LAMP & LAMP2(1999-Present) Strong focus on Gender Mainstreaming through: • Equal rights to land ownership are recognized in land titling & registration procedures. • All Transactions & records shall be sex-disaggregated • Advocacy of gender sensitive LAM laws • Facilitation of equal representation of women & men • The use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes in addressing conflicts related to land • Gender analysis - gender sensitive M&E • Gender-fair language used in all docs, incl. public awareness materials

  26. Philippines - Key success factors to gender mainstreaming in LAMP: • Strong Government & project commitment • Good M&E • Reliable baselines • Good public awareness • Strong donor support

  27. Philippines: LAMP Accomplishments • 45% of staff are women • 44% of all participants in training are women • 59% of Land Transactions in One-stop Shop for women • 18% of titles issued in name of women & 65% joint ownership (at 6/2008)

  28. Philippines: LAMP -Awareness brochure “Women´s Rights Over Land (in waray-waray language, local language of Leyte)

  29. Philippines: LAMP - Awareness brochure“Women´s Rights Over Land (in waray-waray language, local language of Leyte)

  30. Vietnam: VLAP(2008- Present) • VLAP is a challenging new project that aims to distribute 5.1 million LURCs in 9 provinces (1279 communes already in 208 communes) • 72% of LURCs will be expected to cover joint names • Public awareness & community participation seen as essential • Single ownership certificate for land & buildings

  31. Vietnam Legal framework recognizes women’s equal land use rights … … but putting it into place is still lagging behind.

  32. Vietnam – VLAP Lessons Learned • Govt commitment, clear & timely guidelines & institution/staff arrangements essential • Project staff training & learning • Outsourcing of field operations – effectiveness of social outreach programs remain to be seen • Active participation of women & the whole community through their commune/village land advisory groups is vital • M&E: currently lacking gender disaggregated indicators

  33. Conclusions • M&E - design of indicators importance of baselines & impact assessments • Impacts of titling on traditional ownership – striking the right balance • Traditional attitudes & approaches to women's rights to land vary enormously, not only between countries, but within each country • “Feeling of security” – cannot give an economic value • Government commitment essential • Quality of public awareness programs & best done by external agents • Inclusion of women in field operations

  34. QUESTIONS? COMMENTS

More Related