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环境丰容

环境丰容. 本教材由 WSPA 于 2003 年首次开发,布里斯托大学 David Main 博士编写。 2012 年新版由 Caroline Hewson 博士提供更新信息,经 WSPA 多位科学顾问修订而成。. 本单元内容要点. 什么是环境丰容 (EE) 为缓解圈养的压力而进行 益处和局限性 如何提供有效的环境丰容 原则 农场动物 动物园动物 实验动物 伴侣动物. 典型的圈禁 (1). 环境贫瘠  产生压力 (Morgan & Tromborg , 2007 ; Mason et al. , 2007) 缺乏与物种有关的感官刺激

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环境丰容

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  1. 环境丰容 本教材由WSPA于2003年首次开发,布里斯托大学David Main博士编写。2012年新版由Caroline Hewson博士提供更新信息,经WSPA多位科学顾问修订而成。

  2. 本单元内容要点 • 什么是环境丰容 (EE) • 为缓解圈养的压力而进行 • 益处和局限性 • 如何提供有效的环境丰容 • 原则 • 农场动物 • 动物园动物 • 实验动物 • 伴侣动物

  3. 典型的圈禁 (1) • 环境贫瘠  产生压力 (Morgan & Tromborg,2007;Mason et al.,2007) • 缺乏与物种有关的感官刺激 • 受限制的活动、摄食和其他行为机会 • 异常的社群并缺乏躲蔽的区域 • 被迫接近人类 • 缺乏对环境的控制 • 可预见性太高,比如家猫vs.野猫 (Dybdall et al.,2007)

  4. 典型的圈禁(2) (Mason et al.,2007) • 产生消极情绪 • 无聊:没有更多普遍行为机会(如无新事物/多样性,无可探索的东西) • 挫折感:阻挠动物的重要动机 (如筑巢,母鸡) • 缺乏积极情绪 (Boissy et al.,2007) • 无新事物  没有新的感官体验带来的愉悦 • 缺乏空间  没有玩耍带来的愉悦 • 减少的行为谱 • 异常的重复性行为(刻板行为) • 攻击行为 • 消极行为

  5. 回顾:刻板行为(Mason,2006;Mason & Burn,2011) • 刻板行为 • 重复性行为 • 形式不变 • 无明显的目的 • 表明过去或现在受挫 • 受限制的环境 • 尽管使用丰容,仍可能会持续,或者用很长时间才能改变

  6. 刻板行为:实例 • 马:咬物咽气癖(Wickens & Heleski,2010) • 遗传和缺乏觅食机会 • 圈养食肉动物:踱步(Clubb & Mason,2007) • 缺乏游走的空间 (不是缺乏捕食机会) • 仓鼠和沙鼠(Sorenson et al.,2005) • 咬笼

  7. 什么是环境丰容?(Young,2003) • 通过改变圈养动物的环境,提高动物行为的多样性,从而提高其福利 • 表达重要的物种特有行为 • 提高动物应对挑战的能力 • 减少异常行为的频率 更少消极情绪状态 • 增加与环境的积极互动积极情绪状态 (Boissy et al.,2007)

  8. 环境丰容的益处 (Young,2003) • 改善生理功能,例如 • 锻炼  母猪压死仔猪的可能性较小(Arey & Brooke,2006) • 食物多样性牛和其他物种生长更快、成本更低(Manteca et al.,2008) • 复杂性  提高大白鼠的学习能力,并增加大白鼠大脑的重量和体积 • 稳定的社群或存在熟悉的同种动物提高免疫力  更快地从疾病中康复 (Proudfoot et al.,2012;Rault,2012) • 繁殖成功 —— 某些动物园动物 • 减少胃溃疡(马)(Wickens & Heleski,2010)

  9. 环境丰容的更多益处(Young,2003) • 更多积极感受,例如 • 链子  猪的攻击减少 • 陪伴  马更好地被运输 (Kay & Hall,2009) • 熟悉的同伴  动物更好地应对新事物(Rault,2012) • 改善动物展示重要行为的机会,例如 • 空间和复杂性更广泛的物种特有行为,如母猪(Stolba & Wood Gush,1989) • 对人类的益处 • 公众 • 照料者

  10. 环境丰容的限制 • 成功存在易变性(Mason et al., 2007) • 消极的早期经验;可能造成脑功能障碍(自闭等):难改变 • 内啡肽 • 个体差异 • 动物园的游客 • 给予大量的时间 • 成本?劳动力材料 • 增加实验动物数据的可变性?

  11. 环境丰容与实验数据(Simpson & Kelly, 2011; Patterson-Kane, 2004; Sherwin, 2004) • 单调圈舍对实验数据的影响,如对抗抑郁药物 • 饲养对认知过程和视力的影响:行为学测试,如游泳、迷宫 • 常规处置与额外的友好处置

  12. 如何提供有效的环境丰容 • 自然方法 • 行为方法 • 原则 • 以物种在自由生活条件下的主要行为为依据 • 最大的可用空间 • 环境控制 • 安全 • 使用 • 经济实用

  13. 有效环境丰容的原则(1) • 尽可能多地提供可用空间 • 无法满足某些动物园动物对空间的需求 (Clubb & Mason, 2003, 2007) • 马:只要其他需求得到满足,马房就不会产生压力 (Normando et al., 2011) • 空间的质量:环境控制 • 包含实现物种特有行为的要素 • 安全 • 动物使用空间 • 偏好? • 经济实用

  14. 有效环境丰容的原则(2) • 功效 (Mason et al., 2007; van de Weerd & Day, 2009) • 异常重复行为的减少 • 增加积极的物种特有行为,如探索和玩耍 • 改善健康和生产力

  15. 环境丰容的主要类型 • 物理——圈舍 • 尺寸 • 复杂性,如设备和附加物 • 使用 • 练习 • “玩具”、设备 • 营养 • 社会性——人和动物 • 感官

  16. 物理丰容:圈舍设计(1) (Young, 2003) • 取决于动物生活的介质类型——空气、土地、水等 • 从下向上讲解,先从地板开始 • 清洁的频率——可能去除信息素  压力 • 垫料的安全性,如灰尘、霉菌

  17. 物理丰容:圈舍设计(2) (Young, 2003) • 地板和天花板之间的空间应鼓励锻炼并帮助保持健康 • 户外跑动 • 资源四处分散放置 • 环境 • 噪音:无线电广播? • 光照

  18. 物理丰容:圈舍设计(3) (Young, 2003) • 玩具 • 不是随便找来的东西:必须引发特定的行为 • 减少对新事物的恐惧 • 种类的重要性 • 用新物品使玩具多样化探索 • 锻炼

  19. 物理丰容:圈舍设计(4) (Young, 2003) • 设备 • 与物种相关促进物种特有行为 • 设备需求的优先顺序 • 1. 维持生命 • 2. 维持健康 • 3. 维持舒适

  20. 营养丰容 (Young, 2003) • 与如何提供食物有关 • 食肉动物 (为了消除饥饿而进食) • 追捕者 - 伏击者;独居 - 群居 • 其他食肉动物 • 食虫动物;食鱼动物 • 食草动物(为防止饥饿而进食)(水果、花蜜、草、树胶) • 物种如何在野外摄食/觅食? • 选择的重要性 (Manteca et al., 2008)

  21. 社会性丰容(Young, 2003) • 非社会性物种 • 大部分是陆生 • 最好不要成群饲养 • 社会性物种 • 单独饲养 • 群体饲养 • 避开其他动物和人的机会 • 避开人的机会

  22. 感官丰容(Young, 2003; Wells, 2009) • 自然栖息地会发生的刺激与不会发生的刺激 • 专注于相关物种的主要感觉 • 听觉的 • 嗅觉的 • 味觉的 • 视觉的 • 触觉的

  23. 环境丰容与圈养的野生动物 • 短期居住 • 复制自然栖息地的显著特征(法律允许) • 长期圈养 • 行为与自然环境丰容——提供自然栖息地的积极的显著特征 • 减少或消除那些导致不良福利的特征

  24. 环境丰容与农场动物:蛋鸡(Appleby et al.,2004;Duncan,2010)

  25. 环境丰容与奶牛 抓挠/磨蹭 锻炼场 饲喂空间

  26. 环境丰容与猪(Arey & Brooke,2006;van de Weerd & Day,2009) • 拱地/探索 • 社会性接触 • 筑窝准备产仔 • 丰容的圈舍 • 替代系统 • 秸秆铺垫 • 点丰容

  27. 丰容的圈舍——猪 (van de Weerd & Day, 2009)

  28. 环境丰容与马(Cooper & McGreevy,2007;Wickens & Heleski,2010;Normando et al.,2011) 陪伴:动物或镜子 与其他马/动物有视觉和触觉的接触 获取各种草料 每天至少六小时在牧场

  29. 环境丰容与鹦鹉(Engbretson,2006)

  30. 环境丰容与兔子(Lidfors,1997;Dalle Zotte 2009;Dixon et al.,2010)

  31. 环境丰容与仓鼠和沙鼠(Sorenson et al.,2005;Hauzenberger et al.,2006) • 仓鼠 • 社会性或独居? • 地道 • 啃笼 • 转轮或球 • 沙鼠 • 社会性 • 挖掘

  32. 环境丰容与大白鼠和小白鼠(Patterson-Kane,2004;Würbel,2006; Donnelly,2007;Gross et al.,2011) • 社会性动物 • 大白鼠:群体数量 3到6只 (最好6只) • 小白鼠:一对(或多对) • 环境复杂性 • 小白鼠:筑巢的材料对提供庇护、温度调节和筑巢行为必不可少。提供棉絮、纸、刨花。 • 大白鼠:不透明的地道、柔软的垫料(木屑)、筑巢的材料(碎纸)、攀爬——平台、梯子。 • 转轮?(Sherwin,1998;Gattermann et al.,2004)

  33. 环境丰容与猫(1) (Turner & Bateson, 2000; Overall & Dyer, 2005) • 猫可能天生独居 • “友好的”与“不友好的” (Mendl et al., 2000) • “爱抚攻击” • 躲藏和高处休息 (Gourkow & Fraser, 2006; Kry & Casey, 2007) • 抓挠区 • 猫砂盘

  34. 环境丰容与猫(2) (Gourkow & Fraser,2006) 为收容的猫设计的集“躲藏、高处休息和带走”功能为一身的箱子

  35. 环境丰容与收容的狗(Wells,2004a,b;Overall & Dyer,2005;Rooney et al.,2009) 玩耍 锻炼 社会性接触 玩具 训练的重要性 睡眠

  36. 环境丰容与狗(Wells, 2004b; Overall & Dyer, 2005) • 人类接触:玩耍、锻炼、陪伴 • 其他狗:社会性接触、玩耍

  37. 环境丰容与留院的猫狗(Overall & Dyer,2005) • 很多猫狗都会产生压力,因为 • 敏锐的听觉和嗅觉,但视力较差 • 新事物 • 单调的笼子缺乏可预见性和控制 • 猫的环境丰容 • 躲藏和高处休息的地方 • 远离狗的视线、声音和气味 • 狗的环境丰容 • 躲藏的地方 • Kong玩具/ 咀嚼玩具 • 古典音乐? • 没有证据表明外激素制剂有助于减少留院的狗的压力 (Hewson,2012)

  38. 总结 • 环境丰容 (EE) 的定义 • 为缓解圈养的压力而进行 • 益处和局限性 • 如何提供有效的环境丰容 • 原则 • 农场动物 • 动物园动物 • 实验动物 • 伴侣动物

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