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Scientific Classification

What are some ways you are classified?. genderagesocial security numberincomestate/area of residenceprofession. Why Classify??. Human nature- we love to put things in their place!OrganizationIdentificationLess ConfusionShow Relationships. Modern Classification. LinnaeusBinomial nomenclatureTaxon (taxa)phylogenetics- the tracing of evolutionary relationships.

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Scientific Classification

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    1. Scientific Classification What’s In a Name??

    2. What are some ways you are classified? gender age social security number income state/area of residence profession

    3. Why Classify?? Human nature- we love to put things in their place! Organization Identification Less Confusion Show Relationships

    4. Modern Classification Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature Taxon (taxa) phylogenetics- the tracing of evolutionary relationships

    5. Aristotle- air, water, land Plants and animals- bacteria discovered and put with animals 5 kingdom- prokaryotic vs. eukaryoticAristotle- air, water, land Plants and animals- bacteria discovered and put with animals 5 kingdom- prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

    6. Early history of life Solar system~ 12 billion years ago (bya) Earth~ 4.5 bya Life~ 3.5 to 4.0 bya Prokaryotes~ 3.5 to 2.0 bya stromatolites Oxygen accumulation~ 2.7 bya photosynthetic cyanobacteria Eukaryotic life~ 2.1 bya Muticelluar eukaryotes~ 1.2 bya Animal diversity~ 543 mya Land colonization~ 500 mya

    7. Bacteria Kingdom: Monera? Domain: Bacteria Domain: Archaea Prokaryotic- no membrane-bound organelles, microscopic Shape •cocci (sphere) •bacilli (rod) •helical (spiral)

    8. Archaea Vs. Eubacteria Domain Archaea no membrane- bound organelles (prok.) no peptidoglycan do not respond to antibiotics extremophiles chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs 3 main groups: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles Domain Eubacteria no membrane-bound organelles (prok.) peptidoglycan in cell walls growth inhibited by antibiotics diverse metabolism 5 main groups: spirochetes, chlamydias, gram+, cyanobacteria, proteobacteria

    9. Prokaryotes Decomposers: unlock organics from corpses and waste products Symbiosis~ •symbiont/host •mutualism (+, +) •parasitism (+, -) •commensalism (+, 0) Disease •opportunistic: normal residents of host; cause illness when defenses are weakened •Koch’s postulates: criteria for bacterial disease confirmation •exotoxins: bacterial proteins that can produce disease w/o the prokaryote present (botulism) •endotoxins: components of gram - membranes (Salmonella)

    10. Enter Eukaryotes- Domain Eukarya nucleus membrane-bound organelles larger in size than prokaryotic cells fungus, plant, and animal cells

    11. Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya) Ingestive (animal-like); protozoa Absorptive (fungus-like) Photosynthetic (plant-like); alga

    12. Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya) bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines and conifers); angiosperms (flowering plants) Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Terrestrial colonization: Vascular tissue The seed The flower

    13. Gymnosperms (Kingdom Plantae) Cone-bearing plants Lack enclosed chambers (ovaries) for seeds Ovules and seeds develop on specialized leaves called sporophylls Ginkgo, cycads, and conifers All are “evergreens” Needle-shaped leaves Vascular tissue refinement: tracheids~ water conducting and supportive element of xylem

    14. Angiosperms (Kingdom Plantae) Most diverse and geographically widespread of all plants “Flowering plants”(Phy: Anthophyta) Monocots: 1 embryonic seed leaf (lilies, palms, grasses, grain crops) Dicots: 2 embryonic seed leaves (roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks, maples) Vascular tissue refinement: vessel elements/fiber cells

    15. Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya) Heterotrophic by absorption (exoenzymes) Decomposers (saprobes), parasites, mutualistic symbionts (lichens) Hyphae: body filaments •septate (cross walls) •coenocytic (no cross walls) Mycelium: network of hyphae Chitin cell walls (polysaccharide)

    16. Fungi Diversity, I Phy: Chytridiomycota •aquatic fungi; chytrids •lineage closest to protists (flagella) Phy: Zygomycota •Rhizopus (food mold) •mycorrhizae: mutualistic with plant roots •zygosporangia: resistant structure (freezing and drying)

    17. Fungi Diversity, II Phy.: Ascomycota •sac fungi • yeasts, truffles, morels, Sordaria •asci: sexual spores •conidia: asexual spores Phy.: Basidiomycota • club fungus •mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungus, rusts •basidiocarps: produce sexual spores

    18. Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya) heterotrophic most are mobile ingestion followed by digestion multicellular (most have tissues) lack cell walls sexual reproduction 35 phyla- most are marine

    19. Animal phylogeny & diversity Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestor 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissues 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization)

    20. Summary 3 Domains- but textbooks are behind: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 6 kingdom system in most texts: Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia classification now based on evolutionary history

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