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CH 4: Chemical Foundations

CH 4: Chemical Foundations. The Elements and the Periodic Table. The Elements. Information found on the periodic table Symbol Carbon Oxygen Cobalt. The Elements. Information found on the periodic table State of matter Color of symbol indicates state of matter Black = solid

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CH 4: Chemical Foundations

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  1. CH 4: Chemical Foundations The Elements and the Periodic Table

  2. The Elements • Information found on the periodic table • Symbol • Carbon • Oxygen • Cobalt

  3. The Elements • Information found on the periodic table • State of matter • Color of symbol indicates state of matter • Black = solid • Blue = liquid • Red = gas • Outline = synthetically prepared • Density

  4. Periodic Table • Periods – rows of elements on the periodic table • Groups – columns of elements on the periodic table • Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties • due to a similar arrangement of their outermost electrons (chapter 11)

  5. Periodic Table • Re-labeling of your periodic table! • Group Names • I A = Alkali metals • II A = Alkaline earth metals • VII A = Halogens • VIII (A) = Noble gases • Inert • Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids • Transition metals too!

  6. Metals • _____________ properties • Solids • Shiny (lustrous) • Malleable • Ductile • Good conductors of heat and electricity

  7. Metals • Chemical property • Form ionic compounds • Lose electrons to form + charged ions

  8. Nonmetals • Physical properties • Many are gases, some solids, one a liquid • Brittle if a solid • Dull if a solid • Poor conductors of heat and electricity • Therefore, they are good insulators.

  9. Nonmetals • Chemical properties • Form ionic compounds • Gain electrons to form negatively charged ions • Form molecules when they react with nonmetals

  10. Metalloids • Examples: • Physical properties • Solids • Can be formed into brittle shapes • Have a dull shine • Ability to conduct heat and electricity depends upon conditions • Semi-conductors

  11. Metalloids • Chemical properties • Can form ions and/or molecules

  12. Natural State of the Elements • Atomic elements • Examples: • Molecular elements • Examples:

  13. Molecules • Molecule – 2 or more nonmetal atoms joined by chemical bonds • Molecules vs. compounds

  14. Diatomic Elements • 7 elements are naturally found as diatomic molecules, not individual atoms • H2 • N2 • O2 • F2 • Cl2 • Br2 • I2

  15. Allotropes of Carbon • Allotrope – different forms of a given element • Graphite • Diamond • “Buckyballs”

  16. Graphite • Layers of ringed carbon structures • Each C is bonded to 3 other C

  17. Diamond • A diamond is a gigantic molecule, each C atom is bonded to 4 other C atoms

  18. Buckminsterfullerene • C60 • “Buckyball”

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