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Chapter 4: Cell Structure

Chapter 4: Cell Structure. Topics you are not responsible for: Bacterial cell walls and the Archaea Cell-to-cell interactions End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1, 3, 4 Do all mQuiz questions. Inner Life of The Cell.

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Chapter 4: Cell Structure

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  1. Chapter 4: Cell Structure Topics you are not responsible for: Bacterial cell walls and the Archaea Cell-to-cell interactions End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1, 3, 4 Do all mQuiz questions Inner Life of The Cell TEM of Platinum/Carbon replicas of HeLa cell cytoplasm showing clathrin-coated vesicles and microtubules Cell Structure

  2. What happens to Ab after it forms? External Amyloid plaques Internal Neurofibrillary tangles -- Tau protein “Trafficking” of membrane components Exportto cell surface -- APP, secretases, etc. Import into cell Questions Do plaques and/or tangles cause Alzheimer’s Dis.? Why do neuro. tangles form? Cell Structure

  3. Cells of you immune system circulate continuously through your body Circulation of cells and Interstitial fluid -- antigens / pathogens -- immune cells Cell extravasation -- Chemokines -- receptors -- adhesion proteins LeukocyteRolling Leukocyte Homing Cells and Organs

  4. B A C Fluorescence Light Microscopy (A-C) Bright Field DIC DIC Video Electron Microscopy E D Confocal 3D imaging TEM SEM Cell Structure

  5. Microscopy Normal Light Microscopy Keratocyte Dance DIC $$ Tick and Sick-2

  6. Microscopy, cont Fluorescence $$$ Confocal $$$$ Tick and Sick-2

  7. Electron Microscopy SEM vs TEM $$$$$ Tick and Sick-2

  8. Examples of Light Microscopy A. Standard Bright Field Microscopy of Histological section of brain stained to show Neurofibrillary Tangles (>) and Aβ plaques (*). http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag //artsep06/mc-Alzheimer.html B. DIC (Differential Interference Microscopy) of Neocortical neurons in primary culture. Note accentuation of edges and 3D-like appearance Adapted from http://www.ipmc.cnrs.fr/cgi-bin/standard.cgi?descriptif=mantegazza.txt&dossier1=equipes&dossier2=mantegazza&site=inter&menu=1&ssmenu=14&lang=uk C. Fluorescence Microscopy of fibroblast cell culture stained for proteins of the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, as well as the filamentous actin and intermediate filaments.http://learn.hamamatsu.com/galleries/ digitalimages/muntjac/muntjaclarge10.html Examples of Electron Microscopy D. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) of neurons (cross-section) showing internal cellular structures. ttp://visualsunlimited.photoshelter. com/image/I00005SIGjGWwl9U E. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) of neurons showing external surface structures. http://www.med.nus.edu.sg/ant/histonet/txt/nervsem/nerv03.sem.html Cell Structure

  9. Growing Cells Advantages over whole organism • Individual cell type • Controlled conditions • Easier analysis • Stem cell culture & tissue regeneration Limitations • Individual cell type • Genetic changes Tick and Sick-2

  10. Eukaryotic cell cytoplasm How do Eukaryotic cells differ from Prokaryotic cells? Prokaryotes = bacteria Eukaryotes = everything else Size Cytoplasm organization Structure of chromosomes We will discuss other differences later Cell Structure

  11. How big are cells? Why are cells so small? Surface to volume (S/V) ratio How Big is It? Cell Structure

  12. What are some functional regions of cells? Cytoplasm Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Extracellular structures Cell wall Cilia & flagella EC matrix Cell Structure

  13. What are the components of eukaryotic cytoplasm? Membrane bound compartments -- Cytoplasm vs “cytosol” Molecular building blocks Proteins/enzymes -- Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Cell Structure

  14. What is the structure of the nucleus? Large nuclear pores -- two membranes Chromosomes Nucleolus Cell Structure

  15. How do molecules move through the cell? 1) Diffusion 2) Endomembrane transport system What is transported? Where to? Endocytosis & exocytosis Molecular Diffusion Know this! Cell Structure

  16. What is the structure and function of the ER? Beginning of endomembrane transport Rough ER Protein: -- synthesis (Ribosomes) -- folding -- modifications (glycosylation) Smooth ER Lipid synthesis Ca++ storage Transport to Golgi Transport vesicles Cell structure Cell Structure

  17. What is the structure & function of the Golgi? Protein modifications -- e.g., glycosylation Sorting & Packaging into vesicles How are proteins transported Through the Golgi? View these animation Virtual cell -- Protein Trafficking Virtual cell – Protein modification Links on Class resource page Cell Structure

  18. How are proteins modified within the golgi? How are enzymes ‘tagged’ for transport to lysosomes? -- hydrolytic enzymes -- NAcGluAm-P transferase -- mannose-6-P -- M-6-P receptors Intracellular Transport

  19. What is the function of lysosomes? Breakdown of: Intracellular materials Extracellular materials How are materials transported to lysosome? Hydrolases from Golgi Materials from inside and outside the cells Cell Structure

  20. Mutations to transport processes underlie some genetic diseases I-cell diseases Accumulation of lysosomes Mental retardation Metabolic abnormalities Fatal Mucolipidosis II NAcGluAm-P transferase deficiency What is expected effect? Tay-Sacks disease ganglioside GM2 lipase deficiency -- lipid recycled from cell surface What is expected effect? Lymphocytes of Mucolipidosis II Cell Structure

  21. What are functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria? What are distinctive properties Double membrane Presence of DNA What is the origin of these organelles? “Endosymbiosis” 70S vs 80S ribosomes Endosymbiosis Cell Structure

  22. What proteins comprise the cell cytoskeleton? Intermediate filaments Microtubules Actin filaments How is the “cytoskeleton” different from a animal skeleton? Organization and function of Intermediate filaments Mechanical strength Cell Structure

  23. What are the organization and functions of microtubules? cytoplasmic transport chromosome movements movements of flagella and cilia -- “9+2” structure Cytoplasmic streaming Closer view on microtubules Flagella Cilia Cell Structure

  24. What are the organization and functions of actin filaments? Various types of cell movements Membrane contractions muscle contraction Crawling motions Interacts with “myosin” Membrane ruffling Heart Cell Cell Structure

  25. How do plant cells differ from animal cells? Chloroplasts Cell Wall Vacuole Cell Structure

  26. How are viruses different from cells? Much smaller Protein coat – ‘capsid’ Often no membrane No metabolism Why are virus infections Very difficult to treat? Cell Structure

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