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Health Occupations

Health Occupations. Skeletal System – Unit 1. Skeletal System. Organs – BONES 206 in adult human Functions Framework Supports muscles, fat, skin Protection Surrounds vital organs (skull, ribs) Lever Muscles attach to bones to provide movement Production of blood cells

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Health Occupations

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  1. Health Occupations Skeletal System – Unit 1

  2. Skeletal System • Organs – BONES • 206 in adult human • Functions • Framework • Supports muscles, fat, skin • Protection • Surrounds vital organs (skull, ribs) • Lever • Muscles attach to bones to provide movement • Production of blood cells • Produce RBC, WBC, platelets (hemopoiesis or hematopoesis) • Storage • Stores most of calcium supply of body (bone activity)

  3. Bone Tissue Composition • Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate) • Water • Bone cells • Blood vessels • Nerves • Collagen (elastic material)

  4. Bone Tissue • Must continually receive food & oxygen • Has fever nerves & blood vessels than other tissues • Grows for the first 18 – 20 years of life • After growth stops, bone cells die & are replaced by new cells • Osteoblasts – cells that MAKE bones • Osteoclasts – cells that BREAK DOWN bones & reabsorb them

  5. May contain • Ligaments – attach bone to bone • Tendons – attach muscle to bone • 2 types of tissue • Compact tissue – dense • Cancellous – spongy & loosely packed

  6. Four types of bones • Long bones – longer than they are wide • Humerus – upper arm • Ulna – lower arm • Radius - lower arm • Femur – upper leg • Tibia – lower leg • Fibula – lower leg

  7. Short bones • Length & width are nearly equal • Wrist • Hand • Ankles • Feet

  8. Flat bones • Two layers of bone divided by a narrow span • Skull • Sternum – breast bone • Ribs • Scapula – shoulder blade

  9. Irregular bones • Bones that do not fit in any other group • Face • Spine • Hip

  10. Long Bone Parts • Diaphysis • Long shaft of bone • Epiphysis • Ends of the long bone • Proximal • distal

  11. Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Distal epiphysis

  12. Medullary canal • Cavity in diaphysis • Contains yellow marrow • Fat cells

  13. Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Distal epiphysis

  14. Endosteum • Membrane lining medullary canal • Keeps yellow marrow intact • Promotes bone growth

  15. Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Distal epiphysis

  16. Red Marrow • Found in bones like vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, proximal ends of humerus & femur • Produces – RBCs, WBCs, platelets • Diagnostic tool to identify bone diseases • Can be transplanted in people with defective immune systems

  17. Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Distal epiphysis

  18. Periosteum • Membrane covering the outside of bone • Tough • Contains blood vessels, lymph, & osteoblasts • Necessary for bone growth, repair, & nutrition

  19. Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Distal epiphysis

  20. Articular cartilage • Thin layer • Covers epiphysis to work as a shock absorber in joints • (hollow strength activity)

  21. Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Red marrow Diaphysis Medullary canal Endosteum Yellow marrow Periosteum Distal epiphysis

  22. Groups of Bones • Axial skeleton – 80 bones • Main trunk of body • Skull • Spinal column • Ribs • Sternum • Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones • Extremities – arms & legs • Shoulder girdle • Pelvic girdle

  23. Joints • Place where two bones meet • Grouped by how much movement is allowed • Synarthrosis joints – immoveable • Cranium, suture joints • Amphiartrosis joints – slightly moveable • Vertebral discs, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac • Diarthrosis joints – freely moveable • Shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, knees, ankles, toes • Ligaments – connect bone to bone • Hold bones together

  24. Skull • Composed of cranium & facial bones • Cranium – spherical structure surrounding & protecting brain – 8 • Frontal – 1 • Parietal – 2 • Temporal – 2 • Occipital – 1 • Ethmoid – 1 • Sphenoid – 1 • At birth, NOT solid bone • Fontanels – • soft spots or spaces between bones • allows for enlargement of skull as brain growth occurs • Membrane & cartilage that turn to bone by 18 months of age

  25. Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Temporal bone

  26. Skull • Facial bones – 14 • Mandible – 1 lower jaw • Maxilla – 2 upper jaw • Zygomatic – 2 cheek • Lacrimal – 2 inner aspect of eye • Nasal – 5 • Palatine – 2 hard palate or roof of mouth

  27. Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bones Lacrimal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Mandible Palatine – not pictured, roof of mouth

  28. Skull also contains • Sinuses • Air spaces in bones of skull • Act as resonating chambers for voice • Lined with mucus membranes • Foramina • Openings in bone allowing nerves & blood vessels to enter & leave • Sutures • Areas where cranial bones have joined together

  29. Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Squamous suture Ethmoid bone Nasal bones Lamboidal suture Lacrimal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Mandible External auditory meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mental foramina Palatine – not pictured, roof of mouth

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