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AP Biology 12 Labs

AP Biology 12 Labs. What is the main concept of each lab?. Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis. Semi-permeable membrane Must be small enough to fit through pores Transport proteins Active transport Glucose/Starch/Iodine 6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water

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AP Biology 12 Labs

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  1. AP Biology 12 Labs What is the main concept of each lab?

  2. Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis • Semi-permeable membrane • Must be small enough to fit through pores • Transport proteins • Active transport • Glucose/Starch/Iodine • 6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water • 1 piece of potato placed in 6 varying solutions • % change = Final-initial/initial x 100

  3. Lab 2: Enzymes • Speeds up reactions • 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O • Catalase speeds up • This lab measured the rate (what else to measure?) • Disappearance of substrates or appearance of products • Normally will have a maximum rate when all enzymes working • Stopped enzyme by using acid to denature • Could use salinity or temp • Disrupts 4*, 3* or 2* bonds, esp the active site • KMNO4 was an indicator • pink meant no more H2O2

  4. Lab 3: Mitosis and Meiosis • Onion root cells b/c dividing rapidly • (div/elong/maturation, meristem, etc) • Counted # of cells to determine longest part of cell cycle • Interphase (G1, S, G2) vs. Mitosis (PMAT) and Cyotkinesis • Meiosis = reduce chromosome # and increase variation • Sordaria = fungi with sexual spores that show c.o. • Measure rates by comparing %

  5. Lab 4: Pigments and Photosynthesis • Pigments = proteins that use light energy to excited e- • Primary = chlorophyll a/b • Secondary = accessory = carotenoids = beta carotene and xanthophyll • Separate using chromatography (paper and solvent, gas) • Physical properties such as size, mass, polarity • Rf value = distance pigment/ distance solvent • Light rxns = capturing of light energy into electron carriers to be used to fix carbon • Normally NADP, substitute DPIP (must be more…) • Measure effect if (no light, boiled, combinations) • Heat sink to remove light • Spectrophotometer measures light passing through • DPIP becomes more clear as it gets reduced

  6. Lab 5: Respiration • In PEAS!! • Dry, germinating, beads • C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • Measure consumption or production • Respirometer • KOH removes CO2 • Gas laws PV=nRT • Loss of gas means decreased pressure • water moved in • Don’t forget anaerobic

  7. Lab 6: Molecular Biology • Transformation • Taking up of foreign genes into host (bacteria) • Requires restriction enzymes to cleave DNA, ligase to reseal • Source = bacterial protection from invading viruses • Use same restriction enzyme • Need vector (plasmid) • Heat shock to get plasmid in, CaCl2 to attract • Grow on restrictive media to test • Gel Electrophoresis • Compare DNA samples (could require PCR if sample is small) • Enzymes cut at sites that are unique RFLPs • Separate based on size using gel with pores • Use electricity as force • Buffer to prevent damage

  8. Lab 7: Genetics • Examine offspring to determine pattern of inheritance • Dom/rec, Codom, Incompl, Sex-linked, Multiple Alleles • P1, F1, F2 • Make predicitions • Red x white (two options) • Red x red • Are you statistically correct?

  9. Lab 8: Evolution • Is evolution occuring? • Hardy-Weinberg • p+q = 1, p2+2pq+q2=1 • Are allele values staying constant? • Also help determine % of genotypes • If occuring: • Gene flow, gene drift, natural selection, mutation, non-random mating • H-W’s conditions • Heterozygote Advantage • “a” never disappears Black is recessive to pink. Can you count the # of recessive alleles?

  10. Lab 9: Transpiration • Structures and Adaptations • Lab 10: Circulatory • Different heart rates and bp • PQRS wave • Ecto/Endo • Lab 11: Animal Behavior • Innate vs. Learned • Design Experiment • Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Production • DO varies according to temp, other dissolved nutrients • Represents biological processes (photo and resp) • Photo = produce O2 and produce food = primary productivity • Gross (amount available + whatever was consumed) • Net (amount available) • Light, existing, dark

  11. Graphing!! • Good titles, Good labels, Good units • Extrapolation of data • Design • Control, limited variable, designated IV, DV • Prediction of data

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