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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. The Central Processor and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Definition. Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor: executes program instructions and performs the computer’s processing actions. Integrated Circuits/Chip/Microchip: thousands or millions of transistors

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 The Central Processor and Memory

  2. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)Definition • Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor: • executes program instructions and • performs the computer’s processing actions. • Integrated Circuits/Chip/Microchip: • thousands or millions of transistors • placed on a small silicon chip.

  3. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)Definition (Continued) • Transistor: • An electrical switch • can be in one of two states: • open or • closed. • Integrating: • The process of packing more transistors onto a single chip.

  4. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)Definition (Continued)

  5. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)Control Unit • Control Unit: • The part of the CPU • oversees and controls all computer activities • Instructions: • Low level actions to be carried out during • input • processing • output • storage • transmission.

  6. Logical Operations: Greater Than (>) Less Than (<) Equal To (=) Arithmetic Operations: Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): • part of the CPU • performs arithmetic and logical operations.

  7. MemoryDefinition • Primary Storage • Primary Memory • Main Memory • Internal Memory • RAM: • Primary memory holds data temporarily, • as the computer executes instructions.

  8. MemoryDefinition (Continued)

  9. MemoryMemory Size • Bit: • On or Off • 1 or 0 • 2 Bits: • Four different values: 00, 01, 10, 11 • 3 Bits: • Eight different values: • 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 • Byte: • 8 bits • 256 different values • Approximately 200 printable characters.

  10. MemoryMemory Size • Kilobyte (KB or K): • 1000 bytes • 500 word text file  about 3-4K • Megabyte (MB): • One million bytes. • Bitmap 800 X 600 X 24 bits  1.4 MB • Gigabyte (GB): • One billion bytes. • Terabyte (TB): • One trillion bytes.

  11. MemoryMemory Size (Continued) • How much space? • Turing • 1,000 home directories • average home directory size 250 MB • Image • 2400 X 1800 resolution • 64,000 colors • Database • 500,000 people • first name • last name • phone number

  12. ROM Read-only Memory Memory is persistent even if computer is turned off Computer BIOS is stored on ROM chip BIOS (Basic Input Output System) need so computer can boot RAM Random-access Memory Read or Write Memory is lost when computer is turned off Random-access  any part of the memory can be access in constant time. MemoryRAM and ROM

  13. MemoryFlash Memory • Flash Memory: • Read and Write • retains it contents even when electricity is turned off. • Currently used in • Cell phones • Digital Cameras • iPods, MP3 players • Key chains

  14. MemoryRAM, ROM and Flash Memory

  15. MemoryDefinition • Boot: • To turn on the computer system • let the built-in self-test run. • Cold Boot: • turned on from an off state • CPU invokes the ROM BIOS boot program, which runs • the power-up • self-tests and • loads the operating system from disk storage. • Warm Boot: • In a restart, the BIOS knows the system is already running (data is written in a specific memory location checked by the BIOS) and skips the power-on test.

  16. Inside the System UnitDefinition • Board: • A hardware device onto which chips and their related circuitry are placed. • System Board (Mother Board): • The hardware unit that houses a computer’s processor, memory chips, ports, and add-in boards.

  17. Inside the System UnitProcessor Chips • Microprocessor: • The smallest type of processor, with all of the processing capabilities of the control unit and ALU located on a single chip.

  18. Inside the System UnitEvolution of Intel Pentium Family of Microprocessors

  19. Inside the System UnitIntel Microprocessors • Intel Celeron Processors • Does NOT have L2 cache, i.e., expensive memory that speeds up performance • Intel Pentium Processors • The Standard • Intel Xeon Processors • Designed to work in pairs (dual processors) • Intel Itanium Processors • 64-bit processor

  20. Inside the System UnitEvolution of Microprocessors for Macintosh Computers

  21. Inside the System UnitOther Microprocessor Chips • AMD • Digital Equipment Corp. • Motorola • MIPS Technologies • Sun Microcomputers

  22. Inside the System UnitMemory Chips • Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM): • A multiple-chip memory card inserted as a unit into a predesignated slot on a computer’s system board. • Installed Memory: • The amount of memory included by a computer’s manufacturer on its memory board. • Maximum Memory: • The most memory that a processor can hold.

  23. Inside the System UnitPorts • Port: • A connector through which input/output devices can be plugged into the computer. • Expansion Slot: • A slot inside a computer that allows a user to add an additional circuit board.

  24. Inside the System UnitUniversal Serial Bus • Universal Serial Bus (USB): • A general purpose port that can connect up to 128 devices, and also hot swappable, • meaning that devices can be plugged in or unplugged without having to shut down or reboot the system.

  25. Inside the System UnitAdd-In Boards • Add-in Boards: • A board that can be added to a computer to customize its features and capabilities.

  26. Inside the System UnitPlug and Play • Plug and Play: • The ability to install devices into a computer when the computer itself makes any necessary internal adjustments.

  27. The Processing SequenceThe Machine Cycle • Machine Cycle: • The four processing steps: fetch, decode, execute, and store. • Instruction Cycle (I-cycle): • The first two steps (fetch and decode), in which instructions are obtained and translated. • Execution Cycle (E-cycle): • The last two steps of the machine cycle (execute and store), which produce processing results.

  28. The Processing SequenceThe Machine Cycle

  29. The Processing SequenceRegisters • Register: • temporary storage built into the processor • can move data and instructions more quickly than main memory can • Four types: • Storage Registers • Address Registers • Accumulators • General-Purpose Registers

  30. Processor SpeedDefinition • Millisecond: One thousandth of a second • Microsecond: One millionth of a second. • Nanosecond: One billionth of a second. • Picosecond: One trillionth of a second.

  31. Processor SpeedDefinition (Continued) • Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS): • The number of instructions the processor can execute per second – a measure of processor speed. • Megaflops: • Millions of floating point operations per second – a measure of how many detailed arithmetic calculations the computer can perform per second.

  32. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed • Four elements: • System Clock • Bus Width • Word Size • Available Memory

  33. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • System Clock: A circuit that generates electronic impulses at a fixed rate to synchronize processing activities. • Megahertz (MHz): Millions of electric pulses per second – a measure of a computer’s speed. • Gigahertz (GHz): Billions of electric pulses per second.

  34. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • Bus Width • Input/Output (I/O) bus: A bus (electronic circuit) that moves data into and out of the processor. • Data Bus: A bus that moves data between the central processor and memory. • Word Size • Word: The number of bits a computer can process at one time.

  35. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued)

  36. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • Cache Memory: • A form of high-speed memory that acts as a temporary holding/processing cell. • Coprocessors: • A special-purpose chip mounted on a processor board; it is designed to handle common functions quickly and efficiently

  37. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • CISC: • Complex Instruction Set Computing • Intended to be an improvement • Complex instructions require main memory • RISC: • Reduced Instruction Set Computing • A return to the old way • Compact instructions need only registers

  38. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • Pipelining: • A computer starts processing a new instruction as soon as the previous instruction reaches its next step in the processing cycle.

  39. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued)

  40. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • Sequential Processing: • Processing in which the execution of one instruction is followed by the execution of another. • Parallel Processing: • For computers will multiple processor • computer handles different parts of a program by executing instructions simultaneously.

  41. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • SIMD • Single Instruction/Multiple Data method • A parallel-processing method • executes the same instruction on many data values simultaneously. • MIMD • Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data method • A parallel-processing method • connects a number of processors that run different programs or parts of a program on different sets of data.

  42. Processor SpeedDetermining Processor Speed (Continued) • Grid Computing: • A process that harnesses idle time on a computer • uses multiple computers to provide processing for an application that needs more speed and capability

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