Strings

1. Strings Topics • String Libraries • String Operations • Sample Program Reading • Sections 8.1 - 8.7

2. String • A string is a character array that has a marker to show where the data ends, when the array is larger than the data.char firstname[ 50 ] = “Sue”; • The array firstname is 50 characters long, but the data is only four characters long. You must count the marker. • The marker is character that is set to the number zero. (Sometimes called a null terminator.)

3. Array Constraint • There are now built-in operators to manipulate arrays, except to initialize them when you declare the array: char firstname[ 50 ] = “Sue”;

4. Missing Operators • There is no string assignment operators. • There are not string comparison operators. • There are not string combination operators. • However, there are built-in functions to do this common tasks.

5. Built-in String Functions • String assignment:strcpy( destination, source )char name[ 25 ]; /* contains nothing */strcpy( name, “Hilton” ); /* name now contains “Hilton” */

6. Built-in String Functions (cont’d) • String comparison:strcmp( strA, strB ); • If strA comes after strB, the function returns a positive number. • Is strB comes last, the function returns a negative number. • If strA and strB are the same thing, the function returns a zero. result = strcmp( “CMSC”, “IFSM” ); /* negative */ result = strcmp( “IFSM”, “CMSC” ); /* positive */ result = strcmp( “CSMC”, “CMSC” ); /* zero */

7. Built-in String Functions (cont’d) • String combination:strcat( destination, source ) • The source is not changed. • The destination contain exactly what it had before plus what was in the source. Nothing else is added. NOTE: If you are combining a first name and last name for a full name, you must use another strcat to add the space between them: strcpy( fullName, firstName); strcat( fullName, “ “ ); strcat( fullName, lastName );

8. Built-in String Functions (cont’d) • Extracting words (tokens) from a string: /* get the first token (delimited by a blank) */ printf( "%s\n", strtok( b, " " ) ); /* This is more useful after you learn to use pointers. */

9. Built-in String Functions (cont’d) • What if I want to get a menu choice, that is the numbers 1 to 4 or the char ‘q’? Use getchar( ) to get the menu choice, check for ‘q’ and if it is not, then convert it to a number. /* convert a string (ASCII) to an integer */ printf( "%d\n", atoi( "1234" ) ); /* convert a string (ASCII) to a float */ printf( "%f\n", atof( "1234.5678" ) );

10. Built-in String Functions (cont’d) • How long is the data in the string (not counting the null terminator)? stringSize = strlen( strA );

11. String Libraries #include files: #include <stdlib.h> /* needed by atoi( ) and atof( ) */ #include <string.h> /* needed by str...( ) functions */

12. Sample Program #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> /* needed by atoi( ) and atof( ) */ #include <string.h> /* needed by str...( ) functions */

13. Sample Program (cont’d) int main( void ) { char a[ 100 ] = "Excellence"; char b[ 100 ]; char c[ 100 ] = "Failure"; int result;

14. Sample Program (cont’d) /* Make sure the array a is as expected */ printf( "string a is >%s<\n", a ); /* assign a to b */ strcpy( b, a ); printf( "After strcpy(b, a), string b is now >%s<\n", b );

15. Sample Program (cont’d) printf( "\n=============\nString b = >%s< and is %d characters long\n", b, strlen( b ) ); /* put in a space and add the array a to what is in array a */ strcat ( b, " " ); printf( "After strcat(b, \" \"), string b = >%s< and is %d characters long\n", b, strlen( b ) ); strcat ( b, a ); printf( "After strcat(b, a), string b = >%s< and is %d characters long\n", b, strlen( b ) );

16. Sample Program (cont’d) /* get the first token (delimited by a blank) */ printf( "strtok( b, \" \" ) gives %s\n", strtok( b, " " ) ); printf( "\n=============\n"); printf( "string a = %s string c = %s\n", a, c ); /* "Excellence" comes before "Failure", so print a negative number */ printf( "strcmp( a, c ) gives %d\n", strcmp( a, c ) );

17. Sample Program (cont’d) /* " Failure " comes before “Excellence ", so print a positive number */ printf( "strcmp( c, a ) gives %d\n", strcmp( c, a ) ); /* "Excellence" is the same as "Excellence", so print zero */ printf( "strcmp( a, \"Excellence\" gives %d\n", strcmp( a, "Excellence" ) );

18. Sample Program (cont’d) result = strcmp( "CMSC", "IFSM" ); /* negative */ printf( "After strcmp( \"CMSC\", \"IFSM\" ), result is %d\n", result); result = strcmp( "IFSM", "CMSC" ); /* positive */ printf( "After strcmp( \"IFSM\", \"CMSC\" ), result is %d\n", result); result = strcmp( "CMSC", "CMSC" ); /* zero */ printf( "After strcmp( \"CMSC\", \"CMSC\" ), result is %d\n", result);

19. Sample Program (cont’d) printf( "\n=============\n"); /* convert a string to an integer */ printf( "atoi( \"1234\" gives %d\n", atoi( "1234" ) ); /* convert a string to a float */ printf( "atof( \"1234.5678\" ) gives %f\n", atof( "1234.5678" ) ); return 0; }

20. Sample Program Output string a is >Excellence< After strcpy(b, a), string b is now >Excellence< ============= String b = >Excellence< and is 10 characters long After strcat(b, " "), string b = >Excellence < and is 11 characters long After strcat(b, a), string b = >Excellence Excellence< and is 21 characters long strtok( b, " " ) gives Excellence

21. Sample Program Output (cont’d) ============= string a = Excellence string c = Failure strcmp( a, c ) gives -1 strcmp( c, a ) gives 1 strcmp( a, "Excellence" gives 0 After strcmp( "CMSC", "IFSM" ), result is -1 After strcmp( "IFSM", "CMSC" ), result is 1 After strcmp( "CMSC", "CMSC" ), result is 0

22. Sample Program Output (cont’d) ============= atoi( "1234" gives 1234 atof( "1234.5678" ) gives 1234.567800