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G53SEC

G53SEC. Hardware Security The (slightly) more tactile side of security. 1. G53SEC. Overview of Today’s Lecture: Hardware vs. Software Security Attacks, Threats and Attackers Security Categories Examples. 2. G53SEC. Hardware Security vs. Security So Far : Different Landscape

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G53SEC

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  1. G53SEC Hardware Security The (slightly) more tactile side of security 1

  2. G53SEC • Overview of Today’s Lecture: • Hardware vs. Software Security • Attacks, Threats and Attackers • Security Categories • Examples 2

  3. G53SEC • Hardware Security vs. Security So Far: • Different Landscape • Threats • Attackers • Attacks • As important as software/network security 3

  4. G53SEC • Threat Vectors: • Interception • - Gain access to information without interfering with system • Interruption • - Prevention of system functionality • Modification • - Invasive tampering • Fabrication • - Counterfeiting 4

  5. G53SEC • Attackers: • Class 0 – Script Kiddies • Class I – Clever Outsider • - Intelligent, limited knowledge of target • - Usually through a known weakness • Class II – Knowledgeable Insider • - High-tech expertise • - Advanced tools and instruments • Class III – Funded Organisation • - Specialists with lots of funding • - Most advanced tools and analysis 5

  6. G53SEC • Attacks: • Insider Attack • - e.g. Laid-off employee • Lunchtime Attack • - Performed during a small window of opportunity • - e.g. during coffee break • Focused Attack • - Plenty of time, money and resources 6

  7. G53SEC • Attacks: • Invasive Attacks • - e.g. Hardware reverse engineering • Semi-invasive Attacks • - e.g. Heating • Non-Invasive Attacks • - e.g. EM radiation observation 7

  8. G53SEC • Security Categories: • Physical • Logical • Environmental • Operational 8

  9. G53SEC • Physical Security: • Tampering • “An (physical) interference of a harmful nature” • Tamper Mechanisms: • Strive to prevent an attempt by an attacker to perform unauthorised physical or electronic action 9

  10. G53SEC • Tamper Mechanisms: • Tamper Resistance • - Special materials • Tamper Evidence • - Visible evidence left behind after tampering • Tamper Detection • - Hardware is aware of tampering • Tamper Response • - Countermeasures upon detection 10

  11. G53SEC • Physical Attacks: • Invasive • - Direct access to embedded components (e.g. cpu) • Micro probing, reverse engineering, memory readout techniques (e.g. freezing) • Require lot of time, knowledge and resources • Semi-invasive (integrated chip cards) • - UV lights, x-rays, laser, EM field, heating • - Optical fault induction (SRAM illumination) • - Low cost, easy reproduction on same target 11

  12. G53SEC Physical Attacks: Micro-probing station: Modified Circuit: Source: Cambridge Security Lab 12

  13. G53SEC • Logical Security: • Access Control • Cryptographic Algorithms • Cryptographic Protocols 13

  14. G53SEC • Logical Attacks: • Non-Invasive • No Physical Damage • Monitoring/Eavesdropping • TEMPEST attacks • Side Channel Attacks • Timing Analysis • Power Analysis • Fault Analysis 14

  15. G53SEC • Logical Attacks: • Software Attacks – API • No specialised equipment needed • Very fast • Issues: • - Integrity of keys • - Function parameter checking • - Security policy enforcement 15

  16. G53SEC • Environmental Security: • Device itself is the asset • Goal – limit attacker’s possibilities by creating layers of hindrance (e.g. access) • Administrative controls should be part of security policy 16

  17. G53SEC • Operational Security: • Security risks related to operation of hardware • Closely related to last week’s lecture • Example: ATMs • User’s knowledge of: • - Real vs. Fake card reader • - Keypad operation • - PIN Safeguarding • - Latest attacks 17

  18. G53SEC • Hardware Security Modules: • For secure generation and storage of crypto information • Often physically tamper resistant • Sometimes have H/W cryptographic acceleration • Sometimes have special “trusted” peripherals • (e.g. card readers, key pads, etc..) • Example: Banks • ATMs • Pre-payment electricity meters 18

  19. G53SEC • Examples: • Credit Cards • - Magnetic Stripes • - Chip & PIN • - RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 19

  20. G53SEC Examples: Chip & PIN relay attack: Source: Cambridge Security Lab 20

  21. G53SEC • Examples: • RFID – Radio Frequency Identification • Originally developed as the “Barcode of the future” • Now used as • - Inventory control • - Logistics and supply chain management • Physical access cards • Payment - Motorway charges • - Gas stations • - Small items in shop 21

  22. G53SEC • Examples: • Future: • - Embedded in all kinds of devices • - From clothing, to all products we buy • e.g. Milk that will tell fridge when it is expired • Issues: • - Privacy • - Security – RFID was not designed with security in mind!! 22

  23. G53SEC • Examples: • Susceptible to Power Analysis attacks • Can be susceptible to Cloning attacks • Susceptible to Relay attacks • “Is your cat infected with a computer virus?” 23

  24. G53SEC • Remember: • H/W security as important as other security aspects • H/W security devices do not solve security • Many attacks exist • Many more problems are on the way • Because – Security added as an afterthought 24

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