Who Am I?

1. Who Am I? I am… # from 1-20 & beside each number list what you consider to be some of your own positive and negative personality qualities. - meet with group and answer some questions

2. Introduce yourself to other members of the group and tell them about your personality. • After everyone has spoken… • Identify the four descriptive terms used most frequently • Why does the group think these specific terms were used to describe personality? • Identify any of the self-descriptive terms that do not really qualify as personality characteristics. • What makes a personal quality part of your personality?

3. Unit 10:Personality

4. Introduction • Personality • An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling & acting. • Enduring behavior patterns that make us unique behavioral consistency

5. Field of Personality Psychology construct tests to determine unique personality traits How are mind & body related? Is personality inherited or learned? Do humans have free will? Is there a self? Is the self knowable?

6. Psychoanalytic Perspective

7. Exploring the Unconscious • Parts of the mind • Conscious • Preconscious • Unconscious • a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, & memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware • Free association • exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing • Psychoanalysis

8. Psychoanalysis • Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts • the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

9. Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Structure • Personality structure • Id • Pleasure principle • Ego • Reality principle • Superego • conscience Defense mechanism guilt

10. Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Development • Psychosexual stages • Oral • Anal • Phallic • Latency • Genital Orange Aardvarks Push Lazy Goats

11. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages

12. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages Erogenous Zones fixated: seeking others’ approval

13. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages control

14. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages Oedipus Complex conflict resolution gender identity

15. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages

16. Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Development • Erogenous zones • Oedipus complex • Electra complex • Identification • Fixation

17. Personality Humanistic Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic Trait Theory Social Cognitive

18. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages

19. Exploring the UnconsciousDefense Mechanisms • Defense mechanisms • Repression • banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. • Regression • retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. • Reaction formation • Reduces anxiety by taking up opposite feeling

20. Projection • Putting our own unacceptable qualities onto someone else (false consensus effect) • Rationalization • Self-justifying explanations • Displacement • Taking out our unacceptable feelings on less threatening objects or persons • Sublimation • Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable forms • Denial • Refuse to believe painful realities

21. Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of Displacement Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates Projection A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of Reaction Formation

22. After an argument with your girlfriend, you go to the gym and lift weights to burn off your pent-up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism? Sublimation After an argument with your little brother, you slam the door to your bedroom instead of hitting him. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism? Displacement

23. Defense Mechanisms 10. A 11. C 12. E 13. G 14. D 15. B 16. F 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. B 21. E 22.A 23. F 24.G 25. D 26. C 27. G 28. F 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. G 33. B 34. E 35. A • E • A • C • G • F • D • E • F • B

24. Objective 3:The Neo-Freudian Theorists • Neo-Freudians Jung collective unconscious – common set of ideas, feelings, images • Archetypes Adler • Striving for superiority (self improvement) • Superiority Complex • Inferiority complex • Social Interest – innate potential to cooperate w/ society Horney(“HORN-eye”) • Personality develops in terms of social relationships

25. Assessing Unconscious Processes • Projective Test • provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. • Rorschach Inkblot Test • the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots • designed by Hermann Rorschach • seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

26. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective • Contradictory Evidence • lifelong, not fixed • overestimate parental influence • gender identity doesn’t happen at 5 or 6 • dreams • Freudian slips • Is repression a myth? • The modern unconscious mind • Terror management theory • Freud’s ideas as scientific theory defend ourselves against anxiety testable?

27. The Humanistic Perspective

28. Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person • Abraham Maslow • motivated by hierarchy of needs • Self-actualization • Self-transcendence • Peak experiences

29. Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective • Carl Rogers • Growth promoting climate • Genuineness • Acceptance • Empathy • Unconditional positive regard • Self-concept

30. Assessing the Self • Self-report tests • Ideal versus actual self

31. Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective • Renewed interest in self-concept • Criticisms • Vague and subjective • Individualistic and Western biased • Naïve

32. The Trait Perspective unconscious forces growth opportunities stable & enduring patterns

33. Traits Gordon Allport 18,000 • Trait • Describing rather than explaining • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (1987) • sort people by Jung’s personality types • scientific worth??? • rejected both a psychoanalytic approach to personality, which he thought often went too deep, and a behavioral approach, which he thought often did not go deep enough. • He emphasized the uniquenessof each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to past history, for understanding the personality.

34. Exploring Traits How can we condense the list of traits? • Factor analysis • statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items • Catell 16 PF (range) • Eysenck & Eysenck (EYE-zink) • Extroversion vs. introversion • Emotional stability vs instability factors are genetically influenced….is there scientific support for their claim?

35. Exploring TraitsBiology and Personality • Brain scans • extraverts seek stimulation b/c their normal brain arousal is relatively low • Genetics • Autonomic nervous system reactivity • reactive = respond to stress w/ greater anxiety & inhibition • Dopamine levels

36. Assessing Personality in Trait Theory • Psychoanalysis used projective tests • Humanistic compared actual to ideal self • Trait theory utilized personality inventories • Minn. Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • Assess abnormal traits • Empirically derived questions • True or False • Objective (computer scores) but this doesn’t ensure validity (people can lie)

37. Assessing Traits Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Some respondents tend to give socially desirable rather than honest responses. (#4, #11) • Personality inventory • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • Empirically derived test • Objective test • doesn’t ensure validity… • Lie scale • Handout 10-7 Personal Attitudes & Traits Mean: 13.2 1pt True = 1,2,4,7,8,13,16,17,18,20,21,24,25,26,27,29,31,33 1pt False =3,5,6,9,10,11,12,14,15,19,22,23,28,30,32

38. Handout 10-8 Self-Monitoring Scale 1pt True = #5-8,10,11,13,15,16,18,19,24,25 1pt False = #1-4, 9, 12,14, 17, 20-23 • Assess the extent to which people observe and control their expressive behavior. • Self-presentation / concern for social appropriateness. • Stage Actors = 18.4 (higher) • guided by external factors • Patients = 10.1 (lower) • less variable across situations • more stable relationships • inner directed

39. Handout 10-9Dating Survey • exclusive daters = score lower on self-monitoring scale • tend to select partner when asked if they could ideally form a close, intimate dating relationship w/ either current dating partner or friend • multiple daters = tend to score higher on SM scale • tend to select friends as preferred dating partners

40. The Big Five Factors • The Big Five • Conscientiousness • Agreeableness • Neuroticism • Emotional stability vs instability • Openness • Extraversion 20’s 30’s- 60s Handout 10-10

41. The Big Five Factors • Questions on The Big Five • How stable are the traits? • How heritable are the traits? • Do the traits predict other personal attributes?

42. Handout 10-10 • Samuel Gosling’s Modified Big Five Test • Reverse #’s 2-4-6-8-10 1=7 2=6 3=5 4=4 5=3 6=2 7=1 C = (3 & 8) A = (2 & 7) N = (4 & 9) O = (5 & 10) E = (1 & 6)

43. The Big Five Factors C = (3 & 8) A = (2 & 7) N = (4 & 9) O = (5 & 10) E = (1 & 6)

44. Evaluating the Trait PerspectiveThe Person-Situation Controversy • Person-situation controversy • Are traits consistent? • Can traits predict behavior?

45. The Social-Cognitive Perspective “Unless people believe they can produce desired effects, and forestall undesired ones by their actions, they have little incentive to act, or to persevere in the face of difficulties” --Albert Bandura

46. The Social-Cognitive Perspective • Social-cognitive perspective • Social-behavioral approach Personality dev. largely from differences in the way people construe their worlds.

47. Reciprocal Influences • Reciprocal determinism • interacting influence

48. Reciprocal Influences • Ways individuals and the environment interact • Different people choose different environments…and then it shapes you • Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events…anxious people • Our personalities help create situations to which we react…how we treat people influences how they in turn treat us

49. Personal Control • Personal control • Two ways to study personal control • Correlate people’s feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements • Experiment by raising and lowering people’s sense of control and noting the effects ROTTER Self control requires attention & energy Internal vs. external locus of control

50. Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control • Learned helplessness