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The Role of Semantic Features in Turkish Word Order

Ceren Akçor. The Role of Semantic Features in Turkish Word Order.

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The Role of Semantic Features in Turkish Word Order

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  1. Ceren Akçor The Role of SemanticFeatures in Turkish Word Order

  2. Turkish is SOV languageandverb final language. However, sentenceswithwordordersthatdifferfromthecanonical SOV can be observed in writtenandspokenlanguage.

  3. 1. Word order in basicsentencetypes Sentences in Turkish, be theysimpleorcomplex , haveeitherverbalornonverbalpredicates. Verbalandnonverbalpredicates can easily be distinguishedbytheirnegative form, tense-aspect- modalitysuffixestheytakeandtheirsyntactic form in embeddedstructures. 1. Bu çocuk çok akıllı. ‘Thischild is veryintelligent.’ 2. Kapı-da bir adam var. ‘There is a man at thedoor.’

  4. Sentenceswithnonverbalpredicatehave a limitednumber of NPs. • Bu kitap Ahmet için zor. • ‘Thisbook is difficultforAhmet.’ • b. Ahmet için bu kitap zor. • ‘For Ahmet, thisbook is difficult.’ • Thepredicatesaresubstantive.

  5. Sentenceswithexistentialpredicateshavetheirown set of restrictions on wordorder. Twodifferentexistentialconstructions in Turkish: Presentativeexistentials: NP + loc NP var/yok. Forexample; Bahçe-de bir köpek var. ‘There is a dog in thegarden.’ Possessiveexistentials: (NP + loc) NP + gen NP + poss var/yok. Forexample; a. Ali-nin çok arkadaş-ıvar. ‘Ali has manyfriends.’ b. Okul-da Ali-nin çok arkadaş-ıvar. ‘Ali has manyfriends in school.’

  6. Thenominative NP - bir köpek - ‘a dog’ cannotoccur in the S-initialpositionorafterthepredicate‘var’. a. *Bir köpek bahçede var. b. Bahçede var bir köpek. Theindefinitearticlebir ‘one’ is missing. Bahçe-de köpek var.

  7. Whenthenominative NP in a presentativeexistentialconstruction is plural, thereading is stillindefiniteanditspositionfixedtothepre-predicate. Forexamples; a. Bahçe-de çiçek-ler var. b. *Çiçekler bahçede var. c. *Bahçede var çiçekler.

  8. 2. The role of thefeaturesdefinite/ indefiniteandanimate/ inanimate An indefinite NP in Turkish is typicallyidentifiedbythe presence of theunstressedbir ‘a/one’ beforenoun. Theindefinitesubjects of sentenceswithnon-verbalpredicates do nottooccur in the S-initialposition.

  9. Forexample; O ev-de bir çocuk hasta. *Bir çocuk o evde hasta. a. O ev-de bir pencere kırık. *Bir pencere o evde kırık. a. Siz-e bir araba gerekli. b. *Bir araba size gerekli. c. Araba size gerekli.

  10. Sentenceswithsubstantivepredicatesare an expressionwith a locativemarking do notallowindefinitesubjectNPs. a. *Bir köpek bahçe-de. b. Bahçe-de bir köpek var. c. Köpek bahçe-de. a. *Bir adam bahçe-de. b. Bahçe-de bir adam var. c. Adam bahçe-de a. *Bu tiyatro-da bir oyun altıda. b. Bu tiyatro-da altı-da bir oyun var. c. Bu tiyatro-da oyun altı-da

  11. Theindefinitesubjects of sentenceswithverbalpredicates: • Theintransitiveverbdur ‘standorlie’ in Turkishmaytake an animateorinanimatesubject; however, whenthesubject is indefinite, it will be observedthattherearedifferences in theposition of animate vs. inanimate NP. • inanimate; • Masa-nın üst-ün-de bir paket dur-uyor. • *Bir paket masanın üstünde duruyor. • animate; • Kapı-nın ön-ün-de bir adam dur-uyor. • *Bir adam kapının önünde duruyor.

  12. a. Bir araba yol-u tıka-mış. / Yolu bir araba tıkamış. b. Bir adam yol-u tıka-mış. / Yolu bir adam tıkamış. Inthesentencesbelowwiththetransitiveverbtıka- ‘block’, boththe [-animate] indefinitesubject bir araba ‘a car’ in (a) andthe [+animate] indefinitesubject bir adam ‘a man’ in (b) mayoccur in the S-initialpositionand be movedtofollow DO yolu ‘theroad’ andoccupytheimmediatelypreverbalposition.

  13. A distinctionbetweenspecificandnon-specificindefiniteexpression: Ahmet kitab-ı arıyor. / Kitabı Ahmet arıyor. (DO.: def. Ahmet bir kitab-ı arıyor. / *Bir kitabı Ahmet arıyor. (DO.: indef. spec.) Ahmet bir kitap arıyor. / *Bir kitap Ahmet arıyor. (DO.: indef. non-spec.)

  14. Summary: Sentenceswithnon-verbalpredicates do notallowindefinitesubjectNPs in the S-initialposition. Indefinitesubjects of intransitiveverbshavethefreedomtovarytheirpositioniftheyare [+animate] but cannotoccur S-initiallyiftheyare [-animate]. Indefiniteand [-animate] subjects of transitiveverbsarerestrictedtotheimmediatelypreverbalpositionwhenthe DO is definiteand [+animate]; otherwise, theyarefree in theirwordorder. An indefinite DO has priorityoverallotherindefiniteNPs in thesentence in occupyingtheimmediatelypreverbalposition.

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