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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed). Chapter 7 Learning. Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Association. We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago

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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

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  1. Myers’ EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 7 Learning

  2. Learning • Learning • relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

  3. Association • We learn by association • Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence • Aristotle 2000 years ago • John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago • Associative Learning • learning that two events occur together • two stimuli • a response and its consequences

  4. Association Event 1 Event 2 • Learning to associate two events Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics

  5. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • ________________________________________

  6. Operant Conditioning • __________________________________________________________________

  7. Classical Conditioning • _____________ • 1849-1936 • Russian physician/ neurophysiologist • Nobel Prize in 1904 • studied digestive secretions

  8. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)

  9. Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

  10. Classical Conditioning • ______________________ • organism comes to associate two stimuli • a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

  11. Behaviorism • ____________________ • viewed psychology as objective science • recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes • “Give me a dozen healthy infants….and I’ll guarantee to train him to be a doctor, lawyer, or even a thief.”

  12. Classical Conditioning • ______________________ • stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response • ______________________ • unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus • salivation when food is in the mouth

  13. Classical Conditioning • _______________________ • originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response • _______________________ • learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

  14. Classical Conditioning • ___________________ • the initial stage in classical conditioning • the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response • in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

  15. UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) Classical Conditioning

  16. Classical Conditioning • _________________ • diminishing of a CR • in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS • in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

  17. Classical Conditioning • Spontaneous Recovery • reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR • _____________________ • tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses

  18. Classical Conditioning • ____________________ • in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

  19. Poor Little Albert

  20. Operant Conditioning • _______________________ • type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment • ______________________ • Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

  21. Operant Conditioning • ______________ (1904-1990) • elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect • developed behavioral technology

  22. Operant Chamber • Skinner Box • chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer • contains devices to record responses

  23. Operant Conditioning • ____________________ • any event that strengthens the behavior it follows • Shaping • operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

  24. Operant Conditioning

  25. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement • reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs • Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement • reinforcing a response only part of the time • results in slower acquisition • greater resistance to extinction

  26. Schedules of Reinforcement • _____________________ • reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses • faster you respond the more rewards you get • different ratios • very high rate of responding • like piecework pay

  27. Schedules of Reinforcement • _______________________ • reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses • average ratios • like gambling, fishing • very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

  28. Schedules of Reinforcement • ____________________ • reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed • response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

  29. Schedules of Reinforcement • _______________________ • reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals • produces slow steady responding • like pop quiz

  30. Punishment • Punishment • aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows • powerful controller of unwanted behavior

  31. Punishment

  32. Cognition and Operant Conditioning • Intrinsic Motivation • desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective • Extrinsic Motivation • desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

  33. Observational Learning • ______________________ • learning by observing others • Modeling • process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

  34. Observational Learning • Alfred Bandura’s Experiments • Bobo doll • we look and we learn

  35. Observational Learning • This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV

  36. Television and Observational Learning

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