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Management of Information Systems: 45-870

This guide provides an overview of computer hardware basics and trends, including information on processors, memory, storage, and input devices. It also covers the evolution of computer technology and discusses current trends in computer processing.

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Management of Information Systems: 45-870

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  1. Management of Information Systems: 45-870 Mini-3 Spring 2000

  2. Management of Information Systems • Computer Hardware • Basics & Trends • Managerial Issues • IT Exercise #1 Guidelines & Grading Criteria • Teams: • Formation • Assigned Presentation Date • Directory • Web Page Design & Development

  3. The Information Technology Platform TELECOMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE & DATA HARDWARE

  4. Computer Basics • Who invented the computer? • What is a computer?

  5. Secondary Storage Devices A Computer System Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Input Devices Output Devices Primary Storage Unit

  6. Types of Memory • RAM : Random Access Memory • Dynamic: Changes thru processing • Static: Remains constant (power on) • ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) • PROM: Program can be changed once • EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light • EEPROM: Electrically erasable • Flash Memory

  7. MICROPROCESSOR VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU • WORD LENGTH: BITS PROCESSED AT ONE TIME • MEGAHERTZ: ONE MILLION CYCLES PER SECOND • DATA BUS WIDTH: BITS MOVED BETWEEN CPU & OTHER DEVICES • REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): EMBEDS MOST USED INSTRUCTIONS ON CHIP TO ENHANCE SPEED

  8. First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, Less Costly Computers Vacuum Tubes Solid-State Integrated Circuits LSI, VLSI Micro- processors Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, Easy to Maintain Trends in Computer Processing

  9. More Trends • microprocessor performance doubling every 18 months (Moore’s Law) while cost constant • 100 million transistors on a chip by 2005 • Pentium Pro in 1995 (5.5 million transistors) • first Intel 4004 in 1971 (2,300 transistors) • use of semi-conductors in wider variety of products • multi-media extensions • CISC & RISC merging • silicon-germanium chip • can combine analog & digital on a single chip

  10. Powers of 10 and the IT Revolution Visualizing progress in powers of 10 ... If the automobile, airplane, and other businesses had developed like the information technology business you could …..

  11. Purchase a set of automobile tires for $0.50 that would last 12 million miles.

  12. Purchase a set of automobile tires for $0.50 that would last 12 million miles. Purchase a Rolls Royce for $2.75 that would get 8,800 miles to the gallon.

  13. Purchase a set of automobile tires for $0.50 that would last 12 million miles. Purchase an automobile for $2.75 that would get 8,800 miles to the gallon. Purchase a ticket for an around-the-world airline flight that would last only six minutes.

  14. Purchase a set of automobile tires for $0.50 that would last 12 million miles. Purchase an automobile for $2.75 that would get 8,800 miles to the gallon. Purchase a ticket for an around-the-world airline flight that would last only six minutes. Purchase a home for $10,000 that would occupy 440,000 square feet.

  15. Major Categories of Computers Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Microcomputers

  16. Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Centralized Model of Computing Host System/ Mainframe

  17. Servers Servers Servers Client Systems Client Systems Client Systems Distributed (Client-Server) Model of Computing

  18. Servers Terminal Client Systems Hybrid Model of Computing Host Systems/ Mainframe

  19. SECONDARY STORAGE • DISK • TAPE • OPTICAL STORAGE

  20. Tracks: Concentric circles for storing data as magnetized bits. Cylinders Access Mechanism Disks Access Arms Track Read/Write Heads Sectors: Portions of a track Magnetic Disks

  21. Tape • STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES • SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) • RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) • GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP • RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 IBG BLOCK 2 IBG BLOCK 3 IBG B

  22. MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE • ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE • USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS • INEXPENSIVE • STORED IN SAFE LOCATION • CAN BE REUSED

  23. OPTICAL STORAGE • CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES • LAND: FLAT PARTS OF DISK SURFACE REFLECTS LIGHT • PITS: SMALL SCRATCH ON SURFACE SCATTERS LIGHT • WORM: WRITE ONCE / READ MANY • ERASABLE OPTICAL STORAGE (EOS) DISKS; CD-RW • DVD

  24. Storage Media Trade-offs Semiconductor Memory Magnetic Disks Access Speed Increases Storage Capacity Decreases Cost per Bit Increases Magnetic Tape Optical Disks

  25. Major Trends in Secondary Media Storage Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

  26. More Trends • magnetic disks and tapes remain primary mass storage devices through 2005 • density of magnetic hard disk drives increasing at 60% per year • price per megabyte of disk storage falling by 50% every 15-18 months • DVD and CD-RW more popular • multi-media applications driving storage developments

  27. Input Devices • Input • mouse • touch screen • voice input • scanners • OCR • pen-based

  28. Input Technology Trends First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Card Paper Tape Punched Card Key to Tape/ Disk Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning Voice Recognition Speech and Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural and Easy to Use

  29. Output Devices • Output • CRT • LCD • Printers • Plotters • Voice output

  30. Output Technology Trends First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Card Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Video Displays Audio Responses Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Voice Responses Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally, Quickly, and Clearly

  31. Computer Hardware:Managerial Issues • Choosing the “right” computer systems for your business • Vertically integrated or distributed or hybrid • Mainframe or Midrange or Micro • How often and when to purchase / upgrade • Industry standards • Evolution potential • Integration potential • Balancing cost, speed, capacity, reliability, security

  32. Guidelines for IT Exercise #1 and Grading Criteria • FrontPage should be used to create a “web” and navigation structure for your team’s home page and links • All pages in your team’s web should have a similar look and feel, including the individual pages, tech report, and case analyses • Web pages will be evaluated for: • Design and appearance (consistency, attractiveness, etc.) • Functionality • Individual (5%), team (5%)

  33. Team Formation and Assigned Presentation Date • Forming teams • 4-6 team members on a team • Choose a team captain, web master, and team name • Complete team form and submit to me • Assigning a Presentation Date for Team Tech Byte

  34. Team Directory Account Directions • Email Alberto Espinosa (josee@andrew.cmu.edu) • to get your team’s account number on andrew server (i.e., 01, 02, 03, etc.) • to get write access privileges (for team captain and web master) • Move your team’s web pages to andrew server • Use FTP (file transfer protocol) to transfer your files to your team’s assigned account ## • /afs/andrew/course/45/870/team##, where ## refers to your assigned account (i.e., 01, 02, etc.) • View your pages on andrew at: http://www.gsia.cmu.edu/andrew/course/45/870/team##/index.htm

  35. Web Page Design & Development • WWW Basics • Hypertext markup language (HTML) • Hyperlinks • Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) • Web page design • Planning and Designing Effective Web Pages • FrontPage Use & Tips (Demo)

  36. WWW Basics: HTML • Hypertext markup language (HTML) • Tags and attributes • Browser • Page • HTML generators and/or hand coding HTML

  37. Web Browsers and Servers • Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) • Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts • Hyperlinks • Uniform resource locators (URL) • Absolute vs. relative • Elements: http://www.microsoft.com/products/yourproduct.htm/#information

  38. Planning & Designing a Web • What’s a “web”? • Collection of home page, associated pages, graphics, documents, multimedia, other files • Designing a web • Draw an organization chart of your web pages • Decide on a navigation structure • Choose a design for your web pages

  39. Example of Web Structure for IT Exercise #1

  40. Elements of Good Web Design • Focus • Consistency • Efficiency • Navigation • Portability • Maintenance • Feedback

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