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nwtrojn jmW krnw

4 . tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, Anwj qy KyqIbwVI. 4 .1. KwdW qy BUmI nXUtrIAYnts. nwtrojn jmW krnw

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nwtrojn jmW krnw

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  1. 4.tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm, Anwj qy KyqIbwVI 4.1.KwdW qy BUmI nXUtrIAYnts nwtrojn jmW krnw nweItrojn jmW krn c iktwxU hvw dI nweItrojn ienAOrgYink kmpOaufs c iPr AOrgYink kmpOaunfs ijs qoN bUitAW dy protIn bx jWdy hn[ ijAwdw PslW augwx nwl zmIn c nweItrytW dI kmI ho jWdI hY[ hybr-bwS dy FMg nwl AmonIAW bxwieAw jWdw hY, nweItrojn Kwd bxwx dy hor BI FMg hn[ 1956 c kYlfwl qrIky nwl AOrgYink nweItrojn dI shI jWc nwl ies Kyqr c vwDw hoieAw[ nweItrojn c~kr jVW c gMFW hybr-bwS FMg 19-vI sdI dy AMq c Anwj dI Gwt qy vDdI jMqw dw iPkr sI[ zmIn c nweItrojn dI Gwt vD rhI sI ies leI koeI Kwd nhI sI[ dunIAW c kwl pYx dw fr sI[ hvw dI nweItrojn qoN kmpwaufs bxwxy zrUrI sI[ 1908 c jrmn Pirtz hybr ny AmonIAW bxwx dw FMg KoijAw[ ieh bxdw hY aucy qwpmwn qy dbw ADIn nwl Awiern kYtwilst[ 1913 c bI eY AYs AyP dy kwrl bwS ny AmonIAm bxwx dw kwrKwnw lwieAw[ ies nwl vDdI jnqw dy nwl Anwj dI aupj c BI vwDw hoieAw] Pirtz hybr rswiexk KwdW c qr~kI 1913 c rswiexk KwdW dy bxn nwl PslW dI aupj vDI[ 1930 dwxydwr KwdW qy 1965 c KwdW dy Gol AmrIkw c Awey[ 1970 c GrW c vrqx vwlI Kwd bxI[ hux tweIm rlIz KwdW imldIAW hn] hrI krWqI qy hweIbirf bUty 1870 c hweIbirf bUty bxy jo cMgy qy v~D aupj vwly sn[ rswiex ny psMdI hweIbirf jo ijAwdw Kwd lY skdy sn bxwey[ 1943 c hrI krWqI kwrn mYksIko c kxk dI loV pUrI hoeI[ 1964 q~k eySIAw dy lok hweIbirF PslW augwx l~gy[ AmrIkw c hux m~kI qy AwlU dy p~iqAw c kIVy mwr gux hn]

  2. 4. tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm, Anwj qy KyqIbwVI 4.2. PslW dw kIiVAW qoN bcwauxw PMgs qoN bcx dw borfO qrIkw 1882 c PrWs dy pIAr imlwrfYt ny kOpr-sulPyt qy iglw cUnw (borfO Gol) imlw ky AMgUr dy bwg dI aulI mwr idqI[ hux borfO Gol nwl bhuq PslW dI aulI mwrI jWdI jY[ ieh rswiexk FMg nwl PslW dw bcw sI[ 1934 c fweIQwieE-kwrbwmyt 1996 c strobIlurn PslW dI aulI leI vrqy jwx l~gy] fI fI tI qy kIVy mwr dvweIAW kIVy mwr dvweIAW nwl aulI, kIVy qy ndIx mwry jWdy hn[1939 c pwl mulr ny fI fI tI (fweIklor-fweIiPnweIl-trweIklorAYQyn) nwl AwlUAW dI BUfI mwrI[ 20 swl fI fI tI nwl PslW dy kIVy mwry gey[ 1960 c fI fI tI dy AOgux qy hux kIVy nw mrn kwrn hor dvweIAW bxIAW[ ijnw dy bury Asr G~t hn] fI fI tI mlyrIey qoN dvweI fI fI tI nwl AMfy dI iCl pqlI hoeI pSUAW dI ihPwzq pSUAW leI dvweIAW qy vYksIn ny Bojn cMgw bxwieAw[ 1881 c lueI pwscr ny vYksIn nwl AYnQrYks dw ielwz kIqw[ 1981 c pSUAW dy kIVy qy sMuf mwrn leI AweIvrmYkitn bxI[ hux mYf gW dI ibmwrI dw ielwz l~iBAw jw irhw hY] lueI pwscr mSInw nwl KyqI ipClI sdI c rswiex ny Kwd, kIVy mwr dvweIAW, pwxI dy nwl, KyqI leI mSInrI BI idqI[ ijs nwl KyqI sOKI qy aupjwaU hoeI[ 1904 c AmrIkn holt ny fIzl trYktr bxwieAw[ A~j trYktr, kmbweInW. isMjxw, kmpautr, ptrOl, jI pI AYs qy nvIn tYknOlOjI dI vrqoN KyqI c hY] Psl k~tx vwlI kMbweIn holt ny bxwieAw cyn vwlw trYktr

  3. 4. tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm, Anwj qy KyqIbwVI 4.3. Bojn Sud qy swP hoxw sYkirn qy imTw bnwvtI imTy nwl SUgr dy mrIzW leI imTw bixAw qy cInI dI vrqoN GtI[ 1901 c jwn kuAYnI ny sYkirn bxweI[ 1967 c hweI-Prutoz m~kI dw Srbq sB soifAW c Awm ho igAw[ 1985 c AmrIkw c Aspwrtym bixAw (naUtrwsvIt), ieh 1955 c kYnsr dI dvweI vxI sI] ivtwimn ivtwimn dI Gwt kwrn bhuq ibmwrIAW lgdIAW[ 1913 c ivtwimn “e”y dI Koj m~Kx qy Awfy coN hoeI, ieh nzr leI zrUrI hY[ 1931 c ies dI bxqr pqw l~gI[ 1947 c ieh lYb c bxwieAw igAw[ 1928 c hMgrI dy AYlbrt sXYt-gYAOrZI ny ivtwimn “sI” (AskOribk AYisf) l~iBAw[ 2001 c jnYitk-bdl ky sunYhrI-cwvl ijs c pro-ivtwimn “e”Y hY eYSIAw c nzr bcwx leI vrqx l~gy] Bojn bxwauxw qy swBxw Bojn rswiex dw muF jrmnI dy jsts lIibg ny r~iKAw[ ijs ny 19 vI sdI dy A~D c mIt dw Ark k~iFAw[ Bojn bxwx qy sWBx dIAW KojW ny swnU bixAw hoieAw Bojn idqw[ 1906 PrIz-sukwxw, 1920 c Bojn PrIz krnw, 1939 c p~ikAw Bojn PrIz krnw, 1946 c PlW dy gwVy Srbq bxn l~gy] lI ibg mIt dw Ark Bojn sur~iKk qy tYst krnw Bojn k~cw Xw p~ikAw ivc iqAwrI smy, p~kx vyly, vrqwx c Xw stor krn qy jrm pY ky ishq leI hwnIkwrk ho skdw hY[ rswiexk tYst nwl ibmwrI Pylx qoN pihlW rokI jw skdI hY[ 1997 qoN 1999 q~k AmrIkw c Bojn qoN PYlx vwlIAW ibmwrIAW 20% GtIAW]

  4. 4. tknOlOjIdy mhwn kdm, Anwj qy KyqIbwVI 4.4. Bojnstor krnw Bujn pYk krnw Bojn plwsitk, SISy, cInI Xw tIn dY f~ibAw pYk hox nwl ivkx, Byjx Xw pkwx vYly sur~iKk rihdw hY[ 1930 c rYlP vweIlI ny srYn pOlImr (vweIinlfIn-klorweIf qy vweIinl klorweIf) bxwieAw, 1953 c GrW c vrqx leI srYn rYp jo AwksIjn, is~l, bdbU qoN Bojn sKq qwpmwn qy nmI qoN bcwdI hY[ 1960 c AlmonIAm dy f~by Bojn qy soifAW leI, 1970 c pI eI tI (pOlIieQlIn tYtrwQYlyt) ny SISy Xw AlmInIAm dI QW lY leI] kloroPlorokwrbn rPirjrYt 1918 c ieh GrW dy rPirjrytr c vriqAw igAw ijs nwl qwjw Bojn iePwjq nwl lYjwx Xw stor krnw sMBv hoieAw[ 1920 ku c slPr fweIAYksweIf jihrIlI hox kwrn rPirjrytr bdnwm hoey[ PrIAon-12 (sI AYP SI) QOms imfgly qy cwrls kYtirg ny 1931 c bxwieAw[ rPirjrytr GrW, hotlW qy dukwnW c Awm ho gey[ zmIn dI Ezon qYih Gtwx kwrn PrIaOn hux bMd ho geI] 1980 c brP dw f~bw, hux rPirjrytr mweIkrovyv Avn 20-vI sdI c GrW c aupkrnw ny Bojn iqAwr krn dI mjdUrI G~tw idqI hY[ mwkrovyv Avn iek Ajyhw aupkrn hY[ 1945 c prsI spYsr ny dyiKAw ik ryQIAn dy ryfwr kol Kwx vwlI tukVI Fl geI[ ies qrW mweIkrovyv dw jnm hoieAw[ 10 swl c aus dI ryfwr ryz vpwrk rsoeIAW c AweI[ mYgnwtrOn jo dunIAw dI dUsrI jMg dy ryfwr c sn GrW dy aupkrnw c vrqy jWdy hn] hwpoklors qjwb dw mOlIkaUl Sud pwxI rswiex ny bYktIrIAw, vwiers Xw hor imlwvt qoN mukq Sud pwxI idqw hY[ kwrbn nwl bdbU qy rMg, rswiexW nwl hYvI-mYtlz nvIn tknOlOjI nwl Sud pwxI imldw hY[ 1910 c klorIn nwl pwxI swP kIqw, 1913 c GrW c blIc AwieAw[ rsoeIAW qy Bojn iqAwrI c klorIn vwly iktwxU mwr Gol vrqy jWdy hn]

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