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Population of Rome

Population of Rome. 5 th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens 4 th Century – 160,000 3 rd Century – 300,000 1 st Century – 900,000 1 st Century AD – 4,000,000-7,000,000. 133-30 BC – Entrenched Problems.

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Population of Rome

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  1. Population of Rome • 5th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens • 4th Century – 160,000 • 3rd Century – 300,000 • 1st Century – 900,000 • 1st Century AD – 4,000,000-7,000,000

  2. 133-30 BC – Entrenched Problems Latifundia – large estates (and labor problems, filled by POWs out of Rome’s wars) Slave Revolts (134-31, 104-100, 73-71) Grain Dole Unemployment at Rome Italian Allies – Franchise issue Large Standing Army – spread around the Mediterranean Difficulty of Administrating Empire e.g. Jugurtha in Numidia/Mithradates in Asia Minor Maintenance of Mos Maiorum

  3. Gracchus & Gracchus – Power of the Tribune • *challenged authority of Senate *appealed to people for support (Populares) *tried to give franchise to Italians *redistribution of land (Agrarian Reform) • * redistribution of land * voting rights for Italians * control price of grain in Rome * jury pool from Equites (Knights) class * soldiers clothing bought with public expense

  4. Marius vs Sulla • Jugurtha, King of Numidia Massinissa, J’s grandfather Micipsa, J’s uncle 134 BC Assisted Scipio Aemilianus 112 J & 2 cousins inherit kingship War with Rome • Marius (quaestor, Sulla) comes to fore

  5. Marius in North Africa and Gaul New Army Successive consulships Political efforts • “Social Wars” 91-88 BC Sulla is hero and elected consul • Mithridates in Asia Sulla given command, but Marius mingling in politics again with Sulpicius Rufus • Sulla recalled from command

  6. 1st Civil War - Sulla marches on Rome • 2nd Civil War – Marius & Cinna march on Rome Reign of Terror • Sulla marches back – takes Rome and initiates longer Reign of Terror with PROSCRIPTIONS • 82-79 BC Sulla holds continuous dictatorship

  7. Sulla’s Changes • Military colonies (filled with his veterans) • Restoration of Senatorial powers • Weakening of Assembly (requires Senatorial approval for any legislation) • Weakening Tribuneship – limited to intercession • Reformed judicial system – standing courts and Senatorial juries

  8. 48 years of struggle left - Triumvirates • 1st Triumvirate – Pompey, J. Caesar, Crassus (60-49 BC) • 2nd Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus (43-31 BC) Power lies with the army.

  9. Octavian left alive. Pax Augusta

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