By: Madison Maynard

1. Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny By: Madison Maynard

2. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny — The idea that the destiny of the United States was to expand westward so that it stretched from sea to sea Facts • Idea or phrase coined by newspaper publisher John L. O’Sullivan • Coined in 1845

3. Oregon Country Oregon Country – huge area of land between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean States • Washington • Oregon • Idaho • Montana • Wyoming Facts • Obtained by a treaty with Great Britain • It was a joint occupation • Joint occupation – the possession and settling of an area shared by two or more countries

4. Oregon Trail Facts • 2000 mile journey • Started in the Mississippi Valley • Goes through and over the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains Rivers Crossed • Platte • Snake • Columbia “Fifty-Four Forty” • Democratic slogan for the presidential election of 1844 • Referred to the longitude and latitude that the democrats believed should be the nation’s northern border in Oregon

5. Texas Main Idea – Texas won their independence from Mexico and asked to be admitted to the United States Facts • Conflict started in 1803 • Stephen F. Austin organized the first land grant colony in Texas • General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became the President of Mexico in 1833 Mexican Decree of 1830 • Stopped all immigration from the U.S. • Stopped all trade with the U.S. • Encouraged immigration from Mexico and European countries • Angered Texas

6. The Battle of the Alamo • The Alamo was a small Spanish mission in Texas • The location of the infamous “Battle of the Alamo” • William B. Travis was the commander of the forces located there. • The 184 men held off Santa Anna’s troops for twelve days. • On March 12, 1836 cannon fire smashed the Alamo’s walls and Santa Anna’s troops rushed in. • Everyone was killed except for the woman and children, so that they could tell the tale • Among the dead were William B. Travis, Davy Crockett, and James Bowie. Meanwhile, at Washington-On-The-Brazos on March 2, 1836, the Texans were officially declaring their independence. Sam Houston was became the Commander in Chief of the Texas forces.

7. The Battle of San Jacinto Facts • Occurred on April 21, 1836 • The Battle Calls were: • “Remember the Alamo!” • “Remember Goliad!” • At the end of the battle, Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texas’ Independence • Andrew Jackson refused to allow Texas to become a slave state because it would upset the balance between slave states and free states in Congress • Texas was officially became a state on December 29, 1845 • James K. Polk was president during this time

8. States Included in Territory: New Mexico Arizona Nevada Utah Colorado Wyoming The Santa Fe Trail The path taken by the first American trader—William Becknell Started at the Missouri River Crossed the prairies and followed the Arkansas river west Came to the Rockies, then turned south into New Mexico Territories Facts Trade with New Mexico affected the U.S., because many people started settling there and wanted that land War With Mexico

9. Facts Spanish Missions influenced the culture in California John C. Fremont described the climate as “mild climate and scenic beauty” Extending the U.S. to the Pacific Ocean was rationalized by the people saying that they would be safely bordered by an ocean, rather than a foreign nation. Start of the War The U.S. claimed that the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river Mexico claimed that the border was the Nueces River Polk called an emergency cabinet meeting to decide whether there were grounds for war with Mexico They agreed that there were grounds for war War with Mexico, cont.

10. Frederick Douglass called the war “cruel” and “disgraceful” because he believed that the Western Expansion of the United States would carry slavery with it. The Republic of California’s flag was called the California Bear Flag because it is white with a bear and a star on it. End of the War Polk sent General Winfield Scott to capture Mexico City The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in February 1848 The border of Texas was the Rio Grande River We obtained California and New Mexico In 1853 we had the Gadsden Purchase, which cost us $10 million. We obtained the southern edge of Arizona and New Mexico War with Mexico, cont.

11. Gold Rush 1849 California The people who came were came the forty-niners They had to cross the Sierra Nevada mountain range to get there Mexico, South America, China, Europe, and Australia all sent ’49ers Boomtown—a community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population (esp. during the 19th Century) San Francisco went from a tiny village to a city of about 2000 people New Settlers in California and Utah

12. Religious Refuge in Utah The Mormons took refuge in Utah Their founder was Joseph Smith A mob in Illinois killed him in 1844 Brigham Young took his place They settled near the Great Salt Lake, (Salt Lake City) Utah became a state in 1896