Period 3

1. Period 3 Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 – 1450)

2. 98. Regions controlled by the Mongol Empire • China • Anatolia • Persia • Mesopotamia

3. 99. Trade network stabilized by the PaxMongolica • Silk Roads

4. 100. Selection of leadership positions in traditional Mongol society • Merit system based on demonstrated battlefield bravery

5. 101. Military tactics and equipment of the Mongol armies • Combination of light and heavy cavalry • Use of the crossbow and short bow • Lightweight armor of leather, iron, or silk • Extensive spy network

6. 102. Change brought to Russia by the Mongols • Migration of the center of power from Kiev to Moscow

7. 103. What was the most devastating event to the Abbasid caliphate • The Mongol invasion of Mesopotamia

8. 104. Strategies of Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty for Mongol dominance in China • Refusal to adopt Chinese civil service exams • Dependence on Muslims and nomads, not Confucian bureaucrats, as next in command in the exercise of power

9. 105. Social group in China that earned higher status under Mongol rule • Peasantry

10. 106. Timur-I Lang • AKA Tamerlane • Led a short-lived reemergence of Central Asia nomadic dominance after the fall of the Mongol Empire • Magnificent capital at Samarkand

11. 107. Military technology revealed to Europeans by the Mongols • Gunpowder

12. 108. Characteristics of Mongol warfare • Decimal system – units of 10, 100, 1000, etc. (pyramid organization) • Breaking tribal connections • Mobility – horses; used weather and geography to their advantage • Training and discipline • Cavalry (each soldier had 2-3 horses) • Traveled light and lived off the land • Communication and spy network • Psychological warfare

13. 109. Similarities in the process of how Islam spread to South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa • Arrived with traders • Took root first in urban areas • Mainly peaceful. • Political power remained in the hands of non-Arab elite. • Considerable syncretism in the conversion process.

14. 110. Reason for the Sunni and Shia schism • Disputes over legitimate succession of leadership after the death of Muhammad

15. 111. The largest durable tricontinental civilization • Islamic civilization

16. 112. Description of pre-Islamic Arab society • Pastoral nomadic • Desert • Little agriculture • Bedouins = early nomadic communities organized in clans • Camel caravan connecting Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean

17. 113. Cities with the greatest symbolic or religious significance in Islam today • Mecca • Medina

18. 114. Cities that served as political and administrative centers of Muslim empires • Baghdad (Abbasids) • Damascus (Umayyads) • Istanbul (Ottomans)

19. 115. Muhammad’s greatest resource for economic support • His wife, Khadija

20. 116. Umma • Arabic term referring to the “community of the faithful”

21. 117. Empires that were challenged by Umayyad expansion • Sassanid Persia • Byzantine

22. 118. Eastern and western geographic limits of Islamic rule • East = Northwest India • West = Spain and Morocco

23. 119. Dhimmi • Status given to non-Muslims of an Islamic state • Arabic for “protected people” • Retained their personal freedom, property, and legal rights in exchange for their loyalty and a special tax (jizya) • Jews, Christians (Catholics, Greek Orthodox), Hindu, Buddhists

24. 120. Status of women in the EARLY Islamic period • Male adultery was condemned in the Koran • Female infanticide was forbidden • Female inheritance rights were strengthened • Divorce rights for women existed • Women could testify and court and inherit property

25. 121. City that was the center of the Islamic golden rule • Baghdad

26. 122. Areas of expertise or learning that progressed under the rule of the Abbasid caliphate • Medicine • Law • Philosophy • Mathematics

27. 123. Similarities between the decline of the Roman and Abbasid empires • Chaotic succession fights for the imperial throne • Frequent interference of military commanders in politics • Growing dependence on nomadic warriors and mercenaries • Decline in agricultural productivity

28. 124. Unifying force of the Muslim caliphates • The widespread use of the Arabic language

29. 125. Name of the peninsula that was the homeland of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires • Anatolia

30. 126. Comparison between Abbasid Middle East and Song China • Both experienced the proliferation (rapid growth) of technical advances and growing wealth of their cities

31. 127. Technological advances traced to the height of Islamic civilization • Lateen sails • Adoption of Arabic numerals • Anatomical knowledge • Philosophical inquiry

32. 128. European regions influenced by Byzantine civilization • Russia • The Balkans • Ukraine • Belarus

33. 129. Official language spoken in the Byzantine Empire • Greek

34. 130. How was the Byzantine Empire crossroads of trade? • It was the center of trade between the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia

35. 131. Byzantine emperor with the longest lasting impact • Justinian • as a result of his law code

36. 132. Caesaropapism • Policy whereby the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs • Connected to Constantine and the Byzantine Empire

37. 133. Similarities between Byzantine rule and Tang China • An imperial bureaucracy staffed by persons from all social classes but generally drawn from the aristocracy • A throne occasionally held by women • An emperor whose rule has God’s approval • Regional governors appointed by the imperial center

38. 134. Status of Buddhism in China after persecution by the Tang • Buddhism continued to exist, but on a much reduced scale

39. 135. Neo-Confucianism • Incorporated ideas of Buddhism and Daoism • Synthesized older Chinese philosophies with the newer appeal of Buddhism

40. 136. Nomadic groups that pressured dynastic rule in Chinese history up to this point • Jurchen • Mongol • Turk • Manchu

41. 137. The key infrastructural development of the Tang-Song era in Chian • Construction of the Grand Canal (started during the Sui dynasty)

42. 138. Foot Binding • Dates from the Song era • Small feet inspired arousal among men and was something common among the wealthy classes as a sign of social status

43. 139. Chinese inventions during the Tang-Song era • Explosive powder • Magnetic compass • Movable type • Paper money

44. 140. Jinshi • Title earned by students who passed the most difficult battery of Chinese civil service examinations

45. 141. Effects of Neo-Confucianism • Regeneration of a centralized bureaucracy • Preference of Chinese ideas and practices over foreign ones • Development of public works • Institution of a more rigorous education and examination system

46. 142. Chinese political and cultural characteristics borrowed and rejected by the Japanese • Borrowed • Aristocrats doubled as military officers • Strict codes of behavior governed noble classes in court life at the imperial center • Poetry was a highly valued art form among the elite • A capital city as the nerve center of the empire • Rejected • Examination systems for the imperial elite

47. 143. People under the Chinese tribute system in the Tang-Song era • Koreans • Vietnamese • Japanese • Tibetan

48. 144. First novel and where it came from • The Tale of Genji • Japan

49. 145. What was reinvigorated by the Song after the fall of the Tang? • Confucianism

50. 146. Relationships of Korea and Vietnam to Tang China • Although both were defeated by Tang China, Korea developed a more positive relationship with the Tang court • Tribute responsibilities to imperial China • Vietnam eventually wins independence