1 / 20

Lactation

Lactation. Dr. N. Matthew Ellinwood, D.V.M., Ph.D. February 3, 2014. Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Final Exam. Format Essay/short answer component 3 at 15 points each Answer one of the two following questions . . . 45 multiple choice/T or F question

ayoka
Download Presentation

Lactation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Lactation Dr. N. Matthew Ellinwood, D.V.M., Ph.D. February 3, 2014 Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

  2. Final Exam • Format • Essay/short answer component • 3 at 15 points each • Answer one of the two following questions . . . • 45 multiple choice/T or F question • To encompass material through: • Thursday Feb 6, 2013

  3. Lactation • Defining characteristic of mammals • Warm blooded vertebrates • Haired skin • Bearing of live young (usually) • Nursing young http://farm1.static.flickr.com/172/432172524_2941869cde.jpg?v=0

  4. Anatomy • Multiple paired teats • Dog – 10 • Cat – 8 • Variation (can have 8-12) • Blood and lymphatic supply • Can affect spread of disease • Mastitis and cancer • Mastitis- rare, but serious cases occur • Cancer- common and preventable www.acvs.org

  5. Anatomy continued • Parenchyma of the mammary gland • Secretory, ductal, and connective tissue • Teat sinus • Smaller than in cattle • Teat canal • Less than half the length of the teat • Teat openings • Multiple openings per teat • Dog ~ 10 • Cat ~ 5 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Reproductive_System

  6. Mammary Gland Development • No significant mammary tissue during anestrus • Second half of pregnancy (and late pseudopregnancy) sees the development mammary glands to support nursing young • Endocrine dynamics peak at parturition to support lactogenesis • Declining progesterone • Increasing estrogen, prolactin, growth hormone, and glucocorticoids

  7. Maintenance of Lactation:Galactopoesis • Balancing act • Hormonal support • Prolactin and other hormones • Physical emptying

  8. Milk Ejection • Milk let down versus milk secretion • Smooth muscle cells versus secretory epithelia • Neuroendocrine reflex arc • Stimulation of the nursing pup sends afferent nerve impulses to the hypothalamus • Oxytocin secreting neurons in hypothalamus • Axonal release of oxytocin in pituitary • Posterior pitutary/neurohypophesis • Oxytocin transport through blood stream • Smooth muscle contractions lead to milk ejection

  9. Colostrum • First milk • On average higher concentration of protein, minerals (not all), vitamins, and fats • Immunoglobulins (antibodies) • No transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies • Pups and kittens absorb across gut wall in the first 24 hours. • Gut wall closure- A continual process after birth • Influence of environment • Cold body temperature speeds closure • Feline isoerytholysis

  10. Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis • AB blood group in cats • Types A, B, or AB • A dominant inheritance to B • AB type inherited separately • Alloantibodies • B cats have strong anti-A antibodies • A cats have week anti-B antibodies • AB cats have no alloantibodies • B queens bred to A toms • A kittens will absorb strong anti-A antibodies • Leads to life threatening complications • Remove kittens for first 48 hours and return to queen http://www.fabcats.org/owners/blood_groups/info.html

  11. http://www.fabcats.org/owners/blood_groups/info.html

  12. Pseudopregnancy Associated Galactorrhea in the Bitch • Abnormal milk production • Later stages of overt pseudopregnancy • Primarily a nuisance issue • Will reoccur in predisposed bitches • Poor management can lead to persistence • Proper management can limit • Anti-prolactin pharmacological therapy

  13. Agalactia • Failure in mammary development during pregnancy • Mammaries of the bitch (usually, but also queen) appear grossly underdeveloped • Fostering pups or hand rearing

  14. Failure of milk letdown • Hours to a few days until lactation commences • Tincture of time • Drug therapy

  15. Milk Composition • Higher protein and fat content than other domestic species (2-3 x higher) • Lower sugar content • Queen slightly higher than bitch in fat and protein • Fat • 9.5-10.8% versus 3.7- 8.3% (cow and sow) • Protein • 7.5 – 10.6% versus 3.2 - 5.6% (cow and sow) • Sugar • 3.8 – 3.7% versus 4.6 – 5.0% (cow and sow)

  16. Peak Lactation • 2-3 weeks post-partum • Greatest metabolic demand seen in dogs • Pups are growing by ~ 50% week during this period • Greater than adequate palatable food designed for growth and lactation • Small breeds particularly at risk during this period • Canine eclampsia

  17. Eclampsia • Hypocalcemia or Puerperal Tetany • Life threatening decline in blood calcium levels • Small breeds, large litters, peak lactation and metabolic demands • Veterinary Emergency • Seizures and tremors may occur, resulting in a dangerously high temperature • Treatments • IV catheter to slowly and carefully deliver calcium and dextrose • Prevention • High quality growth and lactation diet

  18. Mastitis • Infected mammary gland • Severity can vary from mild to life threatening • Adopt good standards of husbandry • Daily examination of each mammary and assessment of milk quality http://www.familyvet.com/Dogs/622.JPG http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images19/MastitisCOMOXSassy285.jpg

  19. Weaning • Weaning period is 6 – 8 weeks • Spontaneous versus induced • Variability in maternal behavior • Can be assisted by • Limiting food and water (carefully) • Limiting frequency of nursing • Limiting number of pups • Excluding access to pups http://www.laurdankennels.com/images/puppies_feeder.jpg

  20. Review • Health and management issues during lactation • Periparturient period/late pseudopregnancy • Neonatal Isoerythrolysis • Agalactia • Galactorrhea • Peak lactation • Eclampsia • Entire lactation period • Mastitis

More Related