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Tennessee Technological University

T. U. T. C. E. E. Tennessee Tech. CEE. UNIVERSITY. Potential Role of SWOT for International Issues of Surface Water Monitoring. Tennessee Technological University. SWOT Workshop, Ohio State University, Sept 16-18, 2008. Faisal Hossain. Faisal Hossain

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Tennessee Technological University

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  1. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Potential Role of SWOT for International Issues of Surface Water Monitoring Tennessee Technological University SWOT Workshop, Ohio State University, Sept 16-18, 2008 Faisal Hossain Faisal Hossain Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tennessee Technological University

  2. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY OUTLINE Tennessee Technological University • Overview of Current Situation: Surface water monitoring in International River Basins and developing nations. • Potential of SWOT for Bangladesh: Accuracy of SRTM data for discharge estimation of Brahmaputra river (braided) in Bangladesh. Faisal Hossain

  3. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY General Problem of Transboundary Flood Forecasting in the Developing World: The Story of the Niger River 1. 4030 km long, 211,3200 km2 2. Flows through 5 countries 3. Drainage area comprised of 11 countries 4. Frequent river flooding induced by heavy rainfall Question: How does a downstream nation monitor early the evolution of river flooding across political boundaries of 5 nations, 11 administrations and a diverse landscape? 5. Diverse climate, rainfall regime, soil conditions, topography = varying response of landscape to rainfall

  4. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Transboundary Flood Forecasting: The Global Picture on International River Basins • Hydro-political limitations worsen at the shorter time scales Tennessee Technological University 145 countries are associated in IRBs Accounts for 40% of total land surface. > 50% of total surface flow Faisal Hossain 214 International River Basins in 1979 UN Register 261 in 2002 (Updated) Source: Dr. Aaron Wolf, Oregon State University

  5. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Future Missions of Potential Value Tennessee Technological University Faisal Hossain SWOT Expected launch– 2016 Q for major rivers every 2-3 days Expected launch 2013 3 hourly global rainfall products at 10X10 km scale

  6. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Transboundary Flood Monitoring: New Questions for Assessing Sustainability of Planned/Proposed Missions Tennessee Technological University General Science Question How realistic is the use of satellite rainfall in overcoming the transboundary limitations to flood monitoring? Specific Questions Whatspecific IRBs, and downstream nations would benefit more than others from GPM? Can we develop rules of thumb for application of satellite rainfall data in ungauged IRBs? Faisal Hossain

  7. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY ‘Ball Park’ Assessment for NASA product 3B41RT Improvement Major Minor Negative Fully Distributed Open-Book Hydrologic ModelKANPUR 1.0 by Katiyar, N. and Hossain, F. 2007 Environ. Mod. Software, vol. 22(12).

  8. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Speculations on IRBs where Satellite Rainfall Data will be ‘Sustainable’ for Flood Monitoring Preliminary Speculation - Setting aside ALL assumptions Improvement Negligible Improvement

  9. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY More Intelligent Speculation Based on Koppen Climate Classification Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

  10. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Speculation on IRBs (Contd.) Cfa & Cwa– Humid Subtropical; Bsh- Semi-arid GangesRiver– Bangladesh (+45%) ↑Yalu and Tomen Rivers – North Korea (+20%)↑LimpopoRiver – Mozambique (+35%)↑SenegalRiver– Senegal (+42%)↑La Plata River– Uruguay (+45%)↑

  11. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Part II: Potential of SWOT for Bangladesh

  12. Overview of Surface Water-related Hazards in Bangladesh T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY The geographical location and average land levels of Bangladesh are conducive to Flood Erosion Storm Surge Drought Tennessee Technological University Average inundation 22% 68% area inundated in 1998 Faisal Hossain Over 3000 km river bank will be eroded by 2025 Water scarcity in 7 months a year Source: Institute of Water Modeling - Bangladesh About 1/4 th of the country susceptible to tidal surges

  13. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY 3-Day Water Level Forecast RHWL Danger Level Routine Surface Water Monitoring Needs of Bangladesh Tennessee Technological University • Flood Forecasting during Monsoon Season. • About 30 river stations. • Forecasts for public - 3 days. • 10 day to seasonal forecast under prototype. Source: Flood Forecasting and Warning Center; www.ffwc.gov.bd

  14. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Challenges of Flood Forecasting • Bangladesh comprises only 7% of Basin area. • Lack of upstream (transboundary) rainfall and stream flow in real-time limits forecasting range to ~ 3 days. • High costs and maintenance issues for In-situ rainfall and stream gage network • Globally declining trend on in-situ networks 21 day forecast is IDEAL according to Asian Disaster Preparedness Center for South Asian nations

  15. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Impact of Large-scale Water Diversion Projects Upstream? The Indian River Linking Project (IRLP)

  16. Trans-Boundary Issues: Tigris & Euphrates Disputes • Water Usage: • 98.5% water in Euphrates from Turkey; Syria totally dependent; Iraq heavily dependent. • Upsetting the Status Quo: • 1977 Turkey launched Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP): 22 dams 19 hydroelectric power plants • Irrigation will use 27% of total flow (25 km3) • Tensions raised by unilateral development of basins • Project effectively controls both rivers. • Remote measurements of surface water volumes and fluxes creates free information for all, removing questions regarding who has how much. Slide courtesy Frank Schwartz

  17. Space-borne Discharge Estimation of Brahmaputra River (a Braided River) T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY What is the Uncertainty of satellite interferometry (SRTM) -based discharge estimation of braided rivers? Tennessee Technological University Land/Water Mask SRTM elevation data Braided rivers have not been well-studied SRTM Overpass – Feb 20, 2000

  18. Space-borne Discharge Estimation of Bangladesh Rivers T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Tennessee Technological University Faisal Hossain Bathymetry data of Brahmaputra river cross sections from IWM Water slope derived from SRTM Uniform flow conditions: Water surface slope=Energy gradient: Manning’s equation

  19. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Discharge Estimation of Bangladesh Rivers Tennessee Technological University Low flow (dry season) discharge can be estimated by satellite interferometry within the natural low-flow variability Hamski et al (2008) – ASLO – American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Conference March 2-7, Orlando, Florida.

  20. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY The Future Work Requirements to promote SWOT for Climate Change & Food Security Planning of South Asia Tennessee Technological University • Assess value of SWOT for high (& transboundary) flow (Monsoon) season for flood forecasting (extending range beyond 3 days). • Assess accuracy requirements of SWOT for surface flow monitoring and hydrologic modeling of GBM Basin for water resources forecasting & planning of Bangladesh. • Assess Impact of upstream water diversion Projects on downstream Low-lands GBM Model set-up by Institute of Water Modeling for assessing impact of Upstream Water Diversion projects

  21. Availability of Ground Data and River Measurement Infrastructure for SWOT Tidal Discharge Measurement ADCP Measurement Bathymetry Charting T U T C E E Alignment Survey using ProXR DGPS Spot Level using Total Station BM establishment with RTK-GPS Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY IWM – Bangladesh offers a range of archived data and river measurement capability for SWOT

  22. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Tennessee Technological University • Amanda Harris, Preethi Raj, Nitin Katiyar, Jon Schwenk, Rahil Chowdhury, Ling Tang and Caitlin Balthrop. • Ohio State University – Doug Alsdorf and James Hamski • NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Laboratory of Atmospheres) – George Huffman. • University of Mississippi: Azad Hossain. • Institute of Water Modeling – Bangladesh: Abu Saleh Khan, Zeaul Huq, Mahbubur Rahman and Bushra Nishat. • Dhaka University - Bangladesh: Khaled Hassan. Faisal Hossain

  23. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY THANK YOU! QUESTIONS?

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