ANDREW JACKSON Champion of the Common Man or King Andrew?

1. ANDREW JACKSONChampion of the Common Man or King Andrew?

2. Changes in Voting Requirements by 1828 Election

3. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860 KING CAUCUS!!

4. JACKSON GETS REVENGEElection of 1828 • By the time of this election, the one party of Republicans has divided into: • National Republicans • Democrats/Jacksonians/ Jacksonian Democrats • Electoral Vote: • Jackson, 178 • Adams, 83 • Jackson - S & W • Adams - NE

5. JACKSON GETS REVENGEElection of 1828 • By the time of this election, the one party of Republicans has divided into: • National Republicans • Democrats/Jacksonians/ Jacksonian Democrats • Electoral Vote: • Jackson, 178 • Adams, 83 • Jackson - S & W • Adams - NE Mudslinging prominent!

6. JACKSONIAN APPEAL Coffin Handbill • War Hero, strong leader, passionate, intensely patriotic, “average but ideal” • Fascinating personal history • Rich landowner, slaveowner Rachel

7. The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST

8. The New “Jackson Coalition” • The Planter Elite in the South • People on the Frontier • State Politicians – spoils system • Immigrants in the cities.

9. JACKSON’S FAITH INTHE COMMON MAN: • Intense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. • His heart & soul was with the“plain folk.” • Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

10. The Reign of “King Mob”

11. President Jackson was known for opening up the White House to visitors of all classes. His inauguration party lasted for hours as throngs of people from packed streets pushed into the White House. This painting captures the rowdy scene with its broken furniture and stifling crowd. “King Mob” was so dangerous that Jackson had to be taken out through a window and it took an entire week to scrub and clean the White House after the party.

12. Increased Democratization • White male suffrage increased • Party nominating conventions. • Spoils system. • Rise of Third Parties. • Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) • Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: • Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) • Democrats (1828)

13. Jacksonian Democracy • Common people have more of a voice & candidates (“Coonskin Congressmen”) seek vote of ordinary man • Elected officials expected to be responsive to will of their “constituents” • SPOILS SYSTEM - a/k/a “patronage” • Appointing party supporters to political office • Rotation in office • Common man can do any job; Jackson distrusts experts • Social & political changes that led to the rise of Jacksonian democracy: • Disestablishment of churches • Move to improve knowledge (free school/more secondary) • More newspaper circulation • Differences between Jacksonian democracy and Jeffersonian democracy?

14. KING ANDREW His supporters viewed Jackson as a strong President who represented the common people. Critics denounced him as a would-be tyrant. They called him “King Andrew the First.” • Appeared in Whig newspaper • This visual draws more interest than a printed article would • During his first term • Main Idea: Jackson has unconstitutionally expanded the power of the presidency

15. King Andrew as President • Uses veto more than 6 previous Ps COMBINED • First to use pocket veto • Relied on “Kitchen Cabinet” • Opposed federal aid to local road building projects – “Maysville Road Bill’ • In Clay’s state of KY • Jeffersonian in his view of a limited national government • Poor administrator; penny-pincher

16. The Nullification IssueCalhoun’s Nullification Theory: • Calhoun claimed that the Union had not been formed by the people, but by people representing States. • This meant that a state was sovereign, not the national government. • The states were the units which formed the compact (union), thus the states could withdraw from that compact (the union) if they so desired. • Calhoun also said that a state could declare an act of the federal government null and void within that state's borders.

17. The Nullification Issue Webster-Hayne Debate Prime Reflection of Sectional Conflict Western Land Policy 9 Day Debate! 1830 Sen. Robert Hayne [SC] Sen. Daniel Webster[MA] • Allies with West • Condemns NE for …? • Supports?

18. Webster:“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” ….nothing more than a “rope of sand.” Impact of Webster’s oratory in the N? JEFFERSON DAY BANQUET: Jackson:Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun:The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. So… is Jackson a nationalist or a states’ rightist?

19. The Peggy Eaton Affair Another cause of The split between P Jackson and VP Calhoun…. Calhoun resigns

20. THE TARIFF ISSUE • Tariff of 1824 had raised rates from 23% to 37% • Tariff of 1828 increased some rates to 45% • Protested as the “Tariff of Abominations” • SC protest: Calhoun’s “SC Exposition and Protest” • Theory of nullification reborn • Protection against the “tyranny of the majority” • Tariff of 1832 passed • SC passes Ordinance of Nullification – seems to be only solution to solve both protective tariff issue & impending problem of abolition of slavery • Jackson issues Proclamation to People of SC • Defines nullification as “treason” • No defiance of federal law will be permitted! • Threatens force • Compromise: • Tariff of 1833 = gradual tariff reductions • Force Bill – gives P power to use force to stop treasonous activities • SC repeals its Nullification Ordinance BUT then goes on & nullifies the Force Bill! “Nullie button”

21. The National Bank Issue vs. President Jackson Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS Brilliant Manager but...wealthy and arrogant.

22. JACKSON’S OPPOSITION TO THE B.U.S. • Unconstitutional – he just ignores McCulloch decision of Supreme Ct. • A monopoly on public funds • Small banks’ profits were limited • Favors hard money; doesn’t trust paper • Bank favors the rich at the expense of the poor • Run by private citizen & handful of rich men • “Un-American” – foreign investors owned small portion of the bank • Clay & Webster try to use this against him & seek early renewal of Bank’s charter in 1832 • Jackson, as predicted, vetoed the rechartering bill Jackson's actions with regard to the Second Bank of the U. S. resulted in his censure by Congress for abuse of power. In this cartoon, Henry Clay is sewing Jackson's mouth shut.

23. Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank. "The Bank," Jackson told Van Buren "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!" Jackson destroying the “Devil’s bank”

24. ELECTION OF 1832 • Clay tries to get Bank rechartered early knowing Jackson will veto it - thought Jackson’s veto of Bank recharter would keep him from getting elected • Backfired – Jackson elected by a huge margin (219 to 49) • Note: national nominating conventions for first time in this election • Sees his huge margin of victory as a mandate from the people to kill the Bank • So…. he does: • Had already vetoed the rechartering bill • Took federal $ out of the bank and put them into his “pet” state banks • Disastrous effects • Paper money scarce & specie virtually unobtainable • Specie Circular, 1836 • Buy future federal land only with gold or silver • Serious panic threatens & occurs by 1837 (lasts ‘til ‘43)

25. Indian Removal Policies • Jackson’s Goal? View of Americans? • 1830  Indian Removal Act • Cherokees & John Marshall: • How does Marshall rule? • Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) • Worcester v. GA (1832) • Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

26. The Cherokee Nation After 1820 What does Jackson’s willingness to allow GA to ignore Supreme Ct. rulings tell states rightists?

27. THE TRAIL OF TEARS, 1838 & 1839 Over 4,000 die of starvation/exposure on 116 day journey

28. Indian Removal

29. SEMINOLES Major exception to Jackson’s Indian policies Resisted and were mostly successful Second Seminole War; led by Chief Osceola Escaped, hid out in the Everglades and adopted entire new lifestyle

30. Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

31. Assassination Attempt, 1835 Jackson is the only President to beat up his own would-be assassin!

32. JACKSON,1767 - 1845 • Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before his death)

33. Election of 1836 • Whig Party formed up in opposition to Jackson • Emerson: “enterprising, intelligent, well-meaning & wealthy part of the people • Bankers, intellectuals, scientific, well-educated • No single candidate in 1836 - run “favorite sons” (Webster, Harrison) • Martin Van Buren, D, wins • 1st P born under U.S. flag Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook”[O. K.]

34. Van Buren in Office • Panic of 1837: • Full depression by 1839-1843 • Caused by speculation in western lands, roads, canals, RR, slaves • Also caused by Jackson’s Bank War & Specie Circular • Hands-off approach hurts him • Favors states to take on internal improvements • No real position on tariffs • Only major achievement – Independent Treasury Bill passed in 1840 • “Divorces” gov’t from banking • Gov’t could then keep surpluses rather than having to put them in banks as reserves • Bill gets repealed the next year when the Whigs take power

35. Election of 1840“Log Cabin Campaign” • Van Buren (“Van Ruin”), D, runs for reelection • Whigs adopt D strategy of backwoods Westerner and run Gen. William Henry Harrison & VP John Tyler (states’ rightist) • “TIPPECANOE & TYLER TOO!” • Misleading campaign; huge voter turnout; 234 to 60 for Whigs • Harrison – shortest P term • Principle established:party in power during bad economic times will LOSE next election

37. LOG CABIN CAMPAIGN

39. Two major changes in American politics demonstrated in 1840: • Triumph of the populist democratic style • Common man is now firmly at center stage, not “aristocracy” • Two party system reigns • Jacksonian Democrats • Liberty of the individual / common man • States’ rights and federal restraint in social and economic issues • Whigs [Clay’s American System+] • Economic expansion – renewed National Bank • Protective tariffs • Internal Improvements • Public schools; moral reforms (temperance, slavery)

40. JOHN TYLER • 10th president • First VP to succeed to office of the P • Will NOT be Clay & Webster’s puppet as Harrison was supposed to be • Becomes the P “without a party”