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Reactions of Hydrocarbons

Combustion Addition Substitution Esterification Fermentation. Saponification Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization. Reactions of Hydrocarbons. Combustion. Reaction with oxygen or burning. O 2 is on the reactant side. Complete combustion of HC produces CO 2 & H 2 O.

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Reactions of Hydrocarbons

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  1. Combustion Addition Substitution Esterification Fermentation Saponification Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization Reactions of Hydrocarbons

  2. Combustion Reaction with oxygen or burning. O2 is on the reactant side. Complete combustion of HC produces CO2 & H2O.

  3. C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O Combustion. Identifying features: O2, hydrocarbons = reactants CO2 & H2O = products

  4. Addition Start with an alkene or alkyne. Add atoms across the unsaturated bond. Commonly: hydrogenation or halogenation.

  5. C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2. Addition: Add across a double (or triple) bond. One of the reactants is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. One product - saturated

  6. H H H H     Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated. Cl Cl   HCCH CC + ClCl    H H

  7. H H H H     Addition: one product. Also one reactant is unsaturated. H H   HCCH CC + HH    H H

  8. C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl Substitution: Replace 1 or more H’s in a saturated hydrocarbon with another atom or group of atoms. One of the reactants is a saturated hydrocarbon. Two products

  9. H H H Cl         Substitution: 2 products. Also 1 reactant is saturated. H H H H + HCl HCCH + Cl2  HCCH

  10. Esterification Making an ester Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + H2O

  11. Esterification • Organic Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water • HCCOH + HOCCCH  O H H H H = H H H H H  O H H H = HCCOCCCH + H2O  H H H H

  12. Fermentation • Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2 • C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 zymase carbon dioxide sugar ethanol

  13. Saponification • Making Soap • Fat + Base  Glycerol + Soap

  14. H  C  C  C  H O = H OCC17H35 NaOH NaOH NaOH O = H OCC17H35  + O = H OCC17H35 FAT + Base  (Triglyceride)

  15. H  COH  COH  COH  H O = NaOCC17H35 H O = + H NaOCC17H35 O H = NaOCC17H35 Soap Glycerol

  16. Polymerization Reaction leading to formation of polymers

  17. Polymerization Reactions • Addition: start with unsaturated monomers. Everything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated. • Condensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.

  18. Addition Polymerization segmer H H H H H H H H       CCCCCC       H H H H H H   n C=C    H H Ethene = monomer n Polyethylene = polymer

  19. Condensation Polymerization H H HOCCOH H H H H HOCCOH H H + H H H H HOCCOCCOH H H H H + H2O 

  20. Condensation Polymerization • Split out a small molecule such as H2O. • Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.

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