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Time Between the Wars

Time Between the Wars. 1919-1939. An Age of Uncertainty. Science: two remarkable thinkers made a huge impact on the 20 th Century Part of a scientific revolution as important as the first one Albert Einstein: German born physicist Theory of Relativity- space & time are not constant

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Time Between the Wars

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  1. Time Between the Wars 1919-1939

  2. An Age of Uncertainty • Science: two remarkable thinkers made a huge impact on the 20th Century • Part of a scientific revolution as important as the first one • Albert Einstein: • German born physicist • Theory of Relativity- space & time are not constant • Sigmund Freud • Austrian Physician • Irrational part of the human mind is the unconscious • The Interpretation of Dreams: 1900 book • Weakened people’s faith in reason

  3. Great Thinkers

  4. An Age of Uncertainty cont’d • Literature: people questioned ideas about reason, progress & religion • People feared the FUTURE • T.S. Elliot: American poet who wrote about a loss of spiritual values (1922) • William Butler Yeats: Irish poet who in 1924 wrote about dark times ahead

  5. An Age of Uncertainty cont’d • Thinkers • Existentialism: philosophy that there is no universal meaning to life • Friedrich Nietzsche • 1880’s German philosopher who influenced existentialism • His ideas had great impact on politics in Italy & Germany in 1920’s & 1930’s

  6. An Age of Uncertainty cont’d • Writers • Horrors of war influenced Franz Kafka (Czech) 1924 • Freud influenced James Joyce (Irish) 1922 • Arts • Painters • Moved away from Realism & towards Expressionism • Cubism: 1907 Pablo Picasso (Spanish) used genometic forms to display natural shapes • Surrealism: try to link dreams to the real world • Salvador Dali (Spanish) 1931

  7. An Age of Uncertainty cont’d • Artichects • Functionalism: design reflects building’s function or use • Frank Lloyd Wright (American) • Composers • Jazz: new musical style from the United States • Developed by African-American in New Orleans, Memphis, Chicago • Led to dances like the Charleston

  8. An Age of Uncertainty cont’d • Technology: • Pace of invention increased • Automobile • Middle Class could afford them • Changed family lifestyles: travel for pleasure, new businesses developed, people moved to the suburbs & commuted to work

  9. An Age of Uncertainty cont’d • Airplanes • 1918: 1st airmail flights • Charles Lindbergh:US pilot who flew from New York to Paris in 1927 (33 hours solo) • Most major passenger airlines began during the 1920’s • Amelia Earhart: American woman who was the first to fly solo over the Pacific

  10. Radio • Researchfor development increased • 1920 world’s first commercial station started broadcasting from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania • Many European nations kept broadcasting under government control • Radio was very popular & most families owned a radio • Movies • 1920’s motion pictures became a major industry • 90% of films made in Hollywood • Dramas starred Mary Pickford & Rudolph Valentino • Comedy: Keystone Kops (slapstick) • Charlie Chaplin • Comic genius • Known for portrayal of a lonely little tramp bewildered by life • Late 1920’s: added sound to movies • Mid1930’s: millions of Americans went to the movies weekly

  11. Europe After the War • European Countries • Bankrupt because of fighting • Dominance in world affairs ended • US & Japan • Better financial shape & expanded trade • New Democracies Unstable • All pre- WWI dynasties have fallen • Newly created democracies have no experience in ruling

  12. Europe After the War cont’d • Germany/ Weimer Republic (established 1919) • People blame new government for WWI loss & Treaty of Versailles • High Inflation • During WWI Germany didn’t raise taxes to pay for war (just printed more money) • To pay reparations to Allies for WWI (printed more money) • Money is WORTHLESS & people blame new government

  13. The Weimer Republic

  14. Europe After the War cont’d • Economic Stability • U.S. banks gave Germany $200 million loan to stabilize economy • Reset reparation payoff to be more reasonable (owe $33 million instead of $55 billion) • Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact • “Renounces war as an instrument of national policy” • All countries sign • No way to enforce (no army to back it up) • U.S. signs, but not part of League of Nations- which weakens it.

  15. The Great Depression • United States- 1929 • Production is up & profit is up • Wealth NOT distributed equally • STOCK MARKET CRASHES Oct. 29,1929 • Stock prices were unnaturally high & people decided to sell stock, believing rates would go down. No one wanted to buy stocks, prices dropped quickly. • Billions of dollars in “paper wealth” vanished • Stocks bought at high price are worthless • Unemployment up, drops in industrial production, prices & wages

  16. The Great Depression

  17. The Great Depression cont’d • Collapse of American Economy Affects the World • America • Bankers demand repayment of overseas loans • Investors withdraw from Europe • Congress votes for high tariffs on imported goods • Other countries economies drop because U.S. is no longer buying their goods • World Trade drops 65% • Germany & Austria • Hit hard because of dependence on U.S. loans & investments

  18. The Great Depression cont’d • Japan • Farmers suffer because of 1931 crop failure • Value of exports drop by half • 3 million city workers lost jobs & returned to villages for work • Latin America • Tied to global economy because of cash crops & raw materials • Can’t pay debts to other countries

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