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Catherine Smith Friday, March 14, 2008 9:50 AM to 12:50 PM

Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210) - Midterm Exam --- Database Planning and Development. Catherine Smith Friday, March 14, 2008 9:50 AM to 12:50 PM. Today’s Agenda. Exam 1 Data needs for an organization . Class Two. Let’s go down the hall

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Catherine Smith Friday, March 14, 2008 9:50 AM to 12:50 PM

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  1. Management of TechnologicalOrganizations(04:547:210) -Midterm Exam ---Database Planning and Development Catherine Smith Friday, March 14, 2008 9:50 AM to 12:50 PM

  2. Today’s Agenda • Exam 1 • Data needs for an organization (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  3. Class Two Let’s go down the hall See you in room 119 in 10 minutes (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  4. Database Planning and Development How does one go about developing a database structure? (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  5. Principles of Database Design … and there’s a structured process for designing databases: • Determine the data to be stored in the database Data to be stored in the database must be determined in cooperation with a person with expertise in that domain, and who is aware of what data must be stored within the system. Determine the relationships between the different data elements • Apply logical structure upon the data on the basis of these relationships Look for the relationships in the data • Logically structuring the data • Determine grouping of information within the system, that is, what are the subject matter about which information is being stored, • Determine the relationships between the subject matter • Assign keys to the tables in order to implement the relationships (Wikipedia, on-line) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  6. Normalization What’s this thing called normalization? • This is the process of designing the database to eliminate redundancy, create data integrity, and simplify future extension of the logical data model Normalization is a methodical, analytical process of reaching complete data integrity • Relational forms are numbered 1 – 5 • 1 is the minimal requirement for relational structure • each subsequent number represents a stronger form of data integrity (Wikipedia, Hernandez) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  7. Normalization What’s this thing called normalization? 1st normal form • every record has the same fields • every field contains only one value 2nd normal form • there are no calculated fields • each table has only one subject 3rd normal form • the fields in the table are all related directly to the subject of the table and are represented by the primary key of the table (Hernandez) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  8. Developing a database is more than just entering data It also requires… Needs analysis Communication Research Understanding of the organization’s mission Understanding project purposes and objectives Knowing what kinds of reports are needed by key people Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  9. What are the first steps in database design? Understanding the enterprise Finding out the needs of users Identifying processes: data creation data use Creating a model Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) What can you say about the database you are developing? • What is the enterprise? • Who are the users? • What’s are the processes? • How can the data be organized to insure that it is accurate and complete? (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  10. What is a database? A collection of data A structure in which the data is stored A structure for using the stored data A set of rules that insure the data is accurate and complete What is a relational database? A collection of data stored in a structure that produces highest possible level of integrity in the storage and use of data Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  11. Some terminology Databases are made of tables Tables are made of fields Tables are structured in relationships Relationships are defined by special fields called keys Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  12. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) What is a table? A table stores data in a set of rows and columns, much like a spreadsheet. A table stores data about a subject or an entity. • The subject is usually a person, a thing, a place or an event. The rows of a table are instances of the subject • The rows of a database are called records. The columns of the table are attributes or characteristics of the subject. • The columns of a table are called fields. (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  13. A spreadsheet Cells can contain any type of data Relationships between the cells can be defined after the data is entered Relationships between two or more spreadsheets must be created by “hand crafting” many complex functions and references A table Fields can contain only the specified type of data: numeric string Relationships between the fields must be defined before the data is entered Relationships between two or more tables can be defined through the special language and interface of the relational system Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) A table is not a spreadsheet – some differences (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  14. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Some Tables Table Name STUDENT student_ID faculty_ID fname lname address phone email Field Name (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  15. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Some Tables Table Name STUDENT student_ID faculty_ID fname lname address phone email COURSE course_ID dept_ID catalog_no description Field Name (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  16. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Some Tables Table Name STUDENT student_ID faculty_ID fname lname address phone email COURSE course_ID dept_ID catalog_no description FACULTY faculty_ID dept_ID fname lname office_address phone email Field Name (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  17. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) What is the purpose of an E-R Diagram? • Database design tool… used to describe a relational model. • Used to indicate attributes and relationships among data • Used in system analysis and data modeling process • Used by the designer to prepare for discussions the client • Used to translate the client’s needs into a structure that can be implemented in the relational database management system • Focuses on subject matter, attributes, relationships and business rules (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  18. STUDENT student_ID advisorID fname lname address phone email Confidential student_ID social_sec_num GPA Loan amount Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Lets draw some relationships between tables (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  19. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) There are only three types of relationships in a relational database one-to-one Student Confidential (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  20. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Lets draw some relationships between tables STUDENT student_ID advisorID fname lname address phone email FACULTY faculty_ID dept_ID fname lname office_address phone email (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  21. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) There are only three types of relationships in a relational database one-to-one Student Confidential one-to-many Student Faculty (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  22. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Lets draw some relationships between tables STUDENT student_ID advisorID fname lname address phone email COURSE course_ID dept_ID catalog_no description (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  23. one-to-one Student Confidential one-to-many Student Faculty many-to-many Student Course Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) There are three types of relationships in a relational database (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  24. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) What’s a process to follow? • Identify subjects for each table • Determine which fields should be in each table • Find relationships between tables • Draw ERD • Define primary keys (a unique identifier) for each table • Check the ERD, repeating steps 1 through 4 (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  25. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) E-R Practice – What are the relationships? What are the attributes? • Faculty --- Department • Drug --- Patient • Patient --- Bed • Patient --- Room • Price --- Ticket • Movie --- Actor • Actor --- FirstName • Genre --- Book (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  26. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) For the IT organization project… • What subject matter might exist in a job search database? • these are likely to be your tables • What are the attributes of the subject matter? • these are the fields in your table • What are the relationships between the tables? (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  27. Database Planning and Development (Cont’d.) Creating E-R diagrams • On your own – on a sheet of paper • Write down the subjects that might exist in a database of jobs • Think about the characteristics of each subject – give each a field name • Draw the tables in rectangles • List the field names in each table • Draw the relationships between the tables • Compare notes with team members (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  28. Keeping Up Readings Langley, Mintzberg, Pitcher, Posada, and Saint-Macary, “Opening up Decision Making…” Mintzberg and Westley, “Decision Making…” Reading comments due noon 3/27 Assignment Assignment #6 Write an Information Needs Analysis in a three or four page double-spaced paper. Paper due on paper at the beginning of class on 4/4. (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  29. Keeping Up Readings McNurlin & Sprague chapters 5, 9, and 10 Assignments • Team Case Study Presentations • Presentation to class for 12 – 15 minutes, with time for questions • 1-2 page executive summary -- handout copies for class (30 copies) • team evaluation forms (hand in individually) • Submit one copy of the report --- on paper (see an example report in Doc. Share on eCompanion) (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

  30. Any Questions? (for) Management of Technological Organizations (04:547:210)

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