Peter Evans, Ch. 54, pp. 444-450

1. Counterhegemonic Globalization: Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Political Economy Peter Evans, Ch. 54, pp. 444-450

2. Defining terms • When people invoke GL, they usually mean the prevailing system of transnational domination – or hegemony -which is more accurately called "neoliberal globalization“ or "corporate globalization"

3. Implicit in current discourse is idea that this kind of globalization is "natural," inevitable, determined by market logic • Such discourse has become hegemonic • hegemony: domination, influence, or authority over another, especially one political group over a society or by nation over others • when a discourse is hegemonic it conforms to the dominant ideology, which justifies the status quo

4. Counterhegemonic globalization • counterhegemonic globalization challenges the prevailing system of transnational domination – and the ideologies that justify it

5. Activists involved in this project are collectively referred to as the "global justice movement" • part of global civil society, but more critical wing • the formally organized participants in the movement work through transnational NGOs • the anti-globalization protests at the 1999 WTO meeting in Seattle and the ongoing World Social Forum are key events in the movement

6. World Economic Forum vs World Social Forum • World Social Forum, which brings together transnational social activists, especially from the global south, was organized as a "counter-meeting" to the World Economic Forum, which is an annual gathering of leaders in business and politics held in Davos, Switzerland

7. New Organizational Foundations of Counterhegemonic Globalization(CHG) • 3 broad families of transnational social movements: • Labor movement • Women's movement • Environmental movement

8. Unique challenges of organizing transnationally? • dilemma of using transitional networks to magnify the power of local movements without redefining local interests • transcending the North-South divide • leveraging existing structures of global power without becoming complicit in them

9. WSF: quintessential example of CHG • World Social Forum: probably largest network of South-based organizations and activists began as a joint venture between ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens) and the Brazilian Workers Party (PT) • demonstrates how CHG has its roots in both everyday struggles for dignity and economic security in the workplace and classic agendas of social protection • CHG is NOT postmodern, but looks to rescue traditional social democratic agendas of social protection

10. Labor as a Global Social Movement • Neoliberal GL has effectively reconstructed employment as something more like a "spot market" in which labor is brought and sold like any other commodity • Across the world, jobs are being informalized, outsourced, and generally divorced from a social contract between employer and employee

11. The attack on the labor contract, since it's global, creates a powerful basis for global labor solidarity • Ex #1: mutual support between metalworkers in Brazil and Germany • the alliance exploits transnational corporate organizational structures for counterhegemonic purposes • Ex #2:1997 UPS strike • North-North example of how transitional social alliances can be built around idea of a social contract • Formal employment relationship with union representation is rare, so the success of labor as a global social movement depends on being able to complement "social contract" and “basic rights" with other strategies that have the potential for generating alliances

12. Building a feminist movement without borders • Disadvantages of allocating resources purely on basis of market logic will fall on women • “Care deficit": women spend most working hrs on unpaid care work…."market gives almost no rewards for care" • Structural adjustment and other neoliberal programs have built-in systematic gender bias • Feminist activists have advantage over labor in that they don't have to transcend the "zero-sum" logic equivalent to that of the "geography of jobs" (in the case of the labor movement)

13. How to bridge political and cultural aspects of the North-South divide and how to avoid the potential dangers of "difference-erasing universalist agendas“? • Like labor movement, feminism is rooted in universalist discourse of human rights, but transnational feminism has long wrestled with contradictions of building politics around the universalistic language of rights • a one-size fits all approach will not work

14. Global and local environmentalism • Advantage: The "environment" is inherently a transnational issue, which gives the transnational environmental movement advantages over labor and women's movement • Disadvantage: the gap separating South's environmentalism of the poor, which focuses on building sustainable livelihoods based on natural surroundings, and the conservationist agenda of the rich (protecting flora and fauna) • this is not as obviously zero-sum as the labor scenario, but this kind of division in interests appears more difficult to surmount than in the case of transnational feminism

15. Conclusion • Hegemonic ideological propositions are not simply instruments of domination, but also a toolkit that can be used for subversive ends