The Lowell Mill Girls

1. The Lowell Mill Girls http://womenshistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=womenshistory&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.csi.cuny.edu%2Fdept%2Famericanstudies%2Flavender%2Flowell.html http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/primarysources/lowell/docs/dickens.html

2. An Odd Historical Note US Railway Standard Gauge: 4 Feet, 8-1/2 Inches --- WHY?? Because US Railroads Were Built Based on the English System Because the English Built the Railways Based on Pre-Railway Tramways The Tramways Builders Used the Same Jig and Tools they Used to Build Wagons

3. An Odd Historical Note Wagons Were Built to Travel Old Roads with Ruts Laid Down by Romans The Ruts are basically the Width of a Roman Chariot Roman Chariots Were Constructed for the Ability to Harness Two Horses

4. An Odd Historical Note The Shuttle Has Two Booster Rockets, One on Each Side Thiokol (Utah) Make the Booster Rockets Thiokol Ships the Boosters by Rail through a Tunnel The Width of the Booster Rockets is Related to the Width of the Rear End of Two Roman Horses

5. Brief History of the Steam Engine

6. Hero of Alexandria (c. 62 AD) Built a device that Used Steam to Cause a Sphere to Rotate No Practical Application

7. Denis Papin (1647 � 1712) Attended a Jesuit School and then Attended the University of Angers Graduated in 1669 with a Degree in Medicine Contemporary of and Corresponded with Huygens, Boyle and Hooke Papin was a Calvinest born of French Huguenot parents. He could not return to France for religious reasons. Papin was a Calvinest born of French Huguenot parents. He could not return to France for religious reasons.

8. Denis Papin (1647 � 1712) Cylinder Half Filled with Water, Piston is Above the Water Level Cylinder is Heated Until Water Turns to Steam Causing Piston to Rise Outside of Cylinder is Cooled and Piston Descends (Work Cycle)

9. Denis Papin (1647 � 1712) Papin�s Model Worked Wanted to Build with a 24-Inch Diameter Piston and a Four Foot Stoke (Lift 3.5 Tons) Never Succeeded with a Practical Engine Invents the Pressure Cooker (The Digester)

10. Thomas Savery (ca 1650 � 1715) Military Engineer 1698: Patents Crude Fire Engine Based on Papin�s Digester to Pump Water Out of Mines Thomas Newcomen Joins Papin in 1712

11. The Patent (1698) "A grant to Thomas Savery of the sole exercise of a new invention by him invented, for raising of water, and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill works, by the important force of fire, which will be of great use for draining mines, serving towns with water, and for the working of all sorts of mills, when they have not the benefit of water nor constant winds; to hold for 14 years; with usual clauses."

12. Thomas Savery (ca 1650 � 1715) Boiler (1) Working Cylinder (2) Valve Linking (3) Cooling Water Reservoir (6) Mine Water Intake (4) Water Ejection Pipe (5) Close Valve on the Mine Side and the Expulsion Side. Open Valve (3) to the Boiler Allowing Working Cylinder (2) to Fill with Steam. Close the Valve (3) Leading to the Boiler Allow Cool Water to Flow over the Vessel Causing the Steam to Condense into Water and Causing a Vacuum to be Created in the Working Cylinder. Close Valve to Mine Side and Open Valve to the Expulsion Side. Water is Expelled. Repeat Cycle. Close Valve on the Mine Side and the Expulsion Side. Open Valve (3) to the Boiler Allowing Working Cylinder (2) to Fill with Steam. Close the Valve (3) Leading to the Boiler Allow Cool Water to Flow over the Vessel Causing the Steam to Condense into Water and Causing a Vacuum to be Created in the Working Cylinder. Close Valve to Mine Side and Open Valve to the Expulsion Side. Water is Expelled. Repeat Cycle.

13. Thomas Savery (ca 1650 � 1715) Double Boilers (D,L) Valves �r� and �M� are Closed Vessel P is Filled with Steam through Pipe �O� Valve Between Boiler and Vessel �P� is Closed with Rod �Z� Water Showered on Vessel �P� from Reservoir �X�, Condensing the Steam and Causing a Vacuum in the Vessel Valve �M� is Opened Allowing Atmospheric Pressure to Force Water from Below Into the Vessel Valve �M� is Closed and Valve �r� is Opened �Z� is Opened and Water is Expelled by Steam Pressure Patent granted on July 2, 1968, for 14 years: Fire Engine (Force of Fire) Very Tightly and Well Written. The two Pumping Vessels were used in a alternating manner. The pumps could be used to raise water 25 feet, 32-33 feet being the theoretical limit because the vapor pressure of the water is reached and the water begins to vaoprize. Patent granted on July 2, 1968, for 14 years: Fire Engine (Force of Fire) Very Tightly and Well Written. The two Pumping Vessels were used in a alternating manner. The pumps could be used to raise water 25 feet, 32-33 feet being the theoretical limit because the vapor pressure of the water is reached and the water begins to vaoprize.

14. Thomas Savery (ca 1650 � 1715) Savery Pumps Were at High Pressure and Tended to Explode The Efficiency was Low � Producing of the Order of 1 HP Savery Pumps (The Miner�s Friend) were station every 20 feet in a deep mine. The pressure in the Savery Engine Boiler had to reach 35 psi. Construction of the boilers was such that many explosions occurred. Savery Pumps (The Miner�s Friend) were station every 20 feet in a deep mine. The pressure in the Savery Engine Boiler had to reach 35 psi. Construction of the boilers was such that many explosions occurred.

15. Thomas Newcomen (1663 � 1729) Blacksmith, Ironmonger, Tinsmith, Plumber by Trade Baptist Preacher by Calling Newcomen Invents a More Efficient Machine Spraying Cool Water Directly into the Working Cylinder to Condense the Steam Invents the Walking Beam Concept First Engine to use a Piston/Cylinder Arrangement with Wet Rope as the Seal Goes into Partnership with Savery to Avoid Patent Problems There is no know picture of Thomas Newcomen. Baptized February 24, 1664; died August 5, 1729. Born in Dartmouth, Devon, England. Developed a rope seal against a bevel with weights to hold the wet rope in place. There is no know picture of Thomas Newcomen. Baptized February 24, 1664; died August 5, 1729. Born in Dartmouth, Devon, England. Developed a rope seal against a bevel with weights to hold the wet rope in place.

16. The Newcomen Engine Early version used manually operated values, but a young boy, Humphrey Potter, who operated the values invented the first automatic system Myth has it Potter was let go since he was no longer need. The mechanism came to be called the Potter cord. First engine completed in 1711 in the West Midlands (Staffordshire) replacing a team of 500 horses. Emptied a mine of water in a matter of hours. The greatest use of Newcomen engines was in the mineral mines in his native area of Cornwall. Early version used manually operated values, but a young boy, Humphrey Potter, who operated the values invented the first automatic system Myth has it Potter was let go since he was no longer need. The mechanism came to be called the Potter cord. First engine completed in 1711 in the West Midlands (Staffordshire) replacing a team of 500 horses. Emptied a mine of water in a matter of hours. The greatest use of Newcomen engines was in the mineral mines in his native area of Cornwall.

17. The Staffordshire Engine: The First Installed Engine Piston Diameter of 21-inches Eight-foot Stroke Twelve Stokes each Minute Raised 10 gallons from a Depth of 156 feet with each Stroke Rugged and Reliable � Worked Around the Clock Low Efficiency � 1%

18. FAIRBOTTOM BOB There is very little left now to mark the site of "Fairbottom Bobs," an interesting piece of industrial history, which stood close to the River Medlock, about half a mile from Park Bridge, Ashton under Lyne.The structure known as Fairbottom Bobs was, in fact, a Newcomen atmospheric engine - a very early steam engine. It was built here, in an area known as Fairbottom, possibly around 1760, to pump water out of the Cannel coal pits, which were about 200 feet deep. The name arose from the bobbing motion of the wooden beam.There is very little left now to mark the site of "Fairbottom Bobs," an interesting piece of industrial history, which stood close to the River Medlock, about half a mile from Park Bridge, Ashton under Lyne.The structure known as Fairbottom Bobs was, in fact, a Newcomen atmospheric engine - a very early steam engine. It was built here, in an area known as Fairbottom, possibly around 1760, to pump water out of the Cannel coal pits, which were about 200 feet deep. The name arose from the bobbing motion of the wooden beam.

19. Newcomen Engines Cost of 1,000 � in 1712 No Competition for 60 Years Manufactured for Over 100 Years One Newcomen Engine was Still Operating after 127 Years The Last Newcomen Engine was Closed Down in 1934 1755: First Newcomen Engine Exported to America

20. Newcomen Engines Rule Supreme for 75 Years Newcomen Engines were not efficient Spraying the water into the cylinder cooled it down First heat went to heating the cylinder back up Not important if you are using the engine at a coal mine to remove water

21. A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE. BY  ROBERT H. THURSTON, A. M., C. E.,PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HOBOKEN, N. J.; MEMBER OF INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS AND SHIPBUILDERS OF SCOTLAND, ASSOCIATE BRITISH INSTITUTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS, ETC., ETC. NEW YORK:D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,549 AND 551 BROADWAY.1878. http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/

22. James Watt (1736 � 1819) Born in Greenock on the Clyde, Scotland Son of a Ship�s Chandler, Sail Maker Interested in Devices: Father Set Up His Own Work Bench and Tools Described at delicate and educated at home; later in life he would be described as a hypochondriac Described at delicate and educated at home; later in life he would be described as a hypochondriac

23. James Watt (1736 � 1819) Decided as a Teenager to Become an Instrument Maker Becomes an Apprentice in 1755 in London Within a Year Illness Drove Him Home where He Found a Position as an Instrument Maker at the University of Glasgow He was capable of making a wide range of scientific and musical instruments.He was capable of making a wide range of scientific and musical instruments.

24. James Watt (1736 � 1819) In 1763 He Was Requested to Repair a Teaching Model of a Newcomen Engine He Recognized Almost Immediately the Inefficiency of Cooling the Steam in the Cylinder and the Reintroducing Steam into the Cylinder The Cylinder Had to Be Heated and Cooled for Each Cycle.The Cylinder Had to Be Heated and Cooled for Each Cycle.

25. Enter Matthew Boulton Watt Needed Capital to Build a Better Steam Engine Roebuck is a Physician and Mine Owner (Birmingham) who needed to De-Water his Mine Roebuck�s Friend, Matthew Boulton, was an Iron Monger (Soho Manufactory)

26. James Watt�s Perfect Engine I have tried my small model of my perfect engine which hitherto answers expectation and gives great, I may say greatest, hopes of success � In short, I expect almost totally to prevent any waste of steam and consequently to bring the machine to its ultimatum. Letter from Watt to Dr. John Roebuck, August 1765

27. Roebuck�s Initial Funding Roebuck Decides to Fund Watt in 1763 for a Two-Thirds Interest in the Patent Watt Travels to London and Takes Out a 14-Year Patent on His Engine on August 9, 1768 Watt Meets Boulton in Birmingham at Soho in Returning from London Boulton immediately appreciates the creative brilliance of Watt and Watt greatly admires the organizational skills of Boulton; they will become life-long friendsBoulton immediately appreciates the creative brilliance of Watt and Watt greatly admires the organizational skills of Boulton; they will become life-long friends

28. Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) Son of a wealthy toy manufacturer At age 17 manufac-tured inlayed buckles and fancy buttons for export to France Pioneered vertical company integration He, unlike most capitalist of his time, was very gentle and kind toward his workers. He, unlike most capitalist of his time, was very gentle and kind toward his workers.

29. Boulton�s Interest Boulton Immediately Recognizes the Importance of Watt�s Engine and Wants to Manufacture It Roebuck Owns 2/3 and Will Allow Boulton Only to Build Watt Engines for the Midland Countries Boulton Does Not Believe He can Recoup His Investment and Declines

30. Watt�s Low Ebb Roebuck�s Men Cannot Construct the Engine Watt Takes a Job as a Canal Surveyor to Support Family Wife Dies in 1773 Roebuck Goes Bankrupt in 1773 Roebuck Owned Considerable Money to Boulton who Gains Control of Roebuck�s Share of Watt�s Patent

31. Boulton & Watt A Company Born of Mutual Trust: Capital and Organization Combined with Creative Inventiveness Watt Moves to Birmingham and Remains for 45 Years Boulton and His Engineers Achieve in Two Weeks More than Roebuck Accomplished in Years

32. Simple Watt Engine

33. Boulton & Watt Two Watt Engines Constructed, Sold and at Work by 1776 Wilkinson�s Iron Works Cooke & Company Distillery Twice the Efficiency of the Newcomen Engine Richard Arkwright Installs Watt Engine at Cromford Mill Watt by a Private Act of Parliament Has His Patent Extended to 1800 No profit was made on the engine. Boulton and Watt received � of the savings on the cost of coal annually. Wilkinson produces bored cylinders and pistons�much better seal.No profit was made on the engine. Boulton and Watt received � of the savings on the cost of coal annually. Wilkinson produces bored cylinders and pistons�much better seal.

34. Boulton and Watt Burst of Creativity (1775 � 1785) Copying Press for Letters and Numbers Machine for Drying Cloth Sun and Plant Gear for Rotary Motion Parallel Motion Device Centrifugal Motion Governor Improved Device for Measuring Steam Pressure Watt had proposed the use of a crank as early as 1771 and had build a model. A workman saw the model and told a competitor in Birmingham by the name of Wasborough who immediately patented it. Actually, a man by the name of Pickard, a partner of Wasborough, first appears to achieved rotary motion with a Newcomen engine. Nevertheless, Watt could not use his own patent because of Wasborough�s patent. Watt had proposed the use of a crank as early as 1771 and had build a model. A workman saw the model and told a competitor in Birmingham by the name of Wasborough who immediately patented it. Actually, a man by the name of Pickard, a partner of Wasborough, first appears to achieved rotary motion with a Newcomen engine. Nevertheless, Watt could not use his own patent because of Wasborough�s patent.

35. Rotary Motion You can adjust the number of rotations You can adjust the number of rotations

36. Watt�s Most Important Invention in His Eyes In order to push with the steam engine Watt had to drive the rod vertically very accurately The point �x� and �F� will very closely to vertical over the range of motion needed Shown at near top of range. The linkage ABCD will have a pont �x� that will move very nearly vertical as the walking beam pivots on point �d�. Adding the point F yields a point to which you can connect the piston rod. The linkage ABCD will have a pont �x� that will move very nearly vertical as the walking beam pivots on point �d�. Adding the point F yields a point to which you can connect the piston rod.

37. Pickard-Wasborough Engine Pickard-Wasborough Newcomen Engine Crank and Flywheel

38. Centrifugal Governor As the weights spin they move outward The slider moves upward The steam valve closes, decreasing the steam

39. Watt most proud the parallel motion invention. Watt most proud the parallel motion invention.

40. Lunar Society (1765 � 1813)Discussion Group of Industrialists and Scientists Matthew Boulton, Erasmus Darwin, William Murdoch, Joseph Priestly, Josiah Wedgwood, James Watt, William Withering Corresponding Members: Richard Arkwright, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Anna Seward, John Smeaton, Thomas Wedgwood, John Wilkinson, etc. Met in Soho or Darwin�s Home. Erasmus Darwin was a physician and great intellectual of the 18th century�grandfather of Charles Darwin Anna Seward was an outstanding poet and correspondent of the 18th century. Met in Soho or Darwin�s Home. Erasmus Darwin was a physician and great intellectual of the 18th century�grandfather of Charles Darwin Anna Seward was an outstanding poet and correspondent of the 18th century.

41. Applications to Industry 1800: More than 500 Watt Engines in British Mines and Factories Cornish Mines Paper Manufactories Cotton and Iron Mills Distilleries Canals and Waterworks 1775-1800: Boulton and Watt emerges as the most important engineering firm in Great Britain 1817: James Watt (Son) Fits Steam Engine to the SS Caledonia Both Boulton and Watt elected to the Royal Society in 1785. Both Boulton and Watt elected to the Royal Society in 1785.

42. Tramways

43. The Railroad Tramways: Wooden Wagon Ways Using Animal Power Tramways Often Used Adapted Coaches Watt Had No Interest in Developing a Light-Weight Steam Engine for Mobile Use

44. Richard Trevithick (1771 � 1833) Sixth son of a Cornish Mine Captain Practical Engineer by Age 19 Made High Pressure Steam Engine that Got Around the Watt Patent Dies a Pauper Watt avoided high pressure steam engines. Trevitchick avoided the condenser by exhausting straight into the atmosphere. Watt avoided high pressure steam engines. Trevitchick avoided the condenser by exhausting straight into the atmosphere.

45. Richard Trevithick (1771 � 1833) Builds Steam Road Machines Between 1801-1804 Builds the Pennydaren Engine that Ran on a Horse-Drawn Line in South Wales (1804) Carried 10 Tons of Iron and 70 Men Cast-Iron Rails Fail "I have been branded with folly and madness for attempting what the world calls impossibilities, and even from the great engineer, the late Mr. James Watt, who said to an eminent scientific character still living, that I deserved hanging for bringing into use the high-pressure engine. This so far has been my reward from the public; but should this be all, I shall be satisfied by the great secret pleasure and laudable pride that I feel in my own breast from having been the instrument of bringing forward and maturing new principles and new arrangements of boundless value to my country. However much I may be straitened in pecunary circumstances, the great honour of being a useful subject can never be taken from me, which to me far exceeds riches"."I have been branded with folly and madness for attempting what the world calls impossibilities, and even from the great engineer, the late Mr. James Watt, who said to an eminent scientific character still living, that I deserved hanging for bringing into use the high-pressure engine. This so far has been my reward from the public; but should this be all, I shall be satisfied by the great secret pleasure and laudable pride that I feel in my own breast from having been the instrument of bringing forward and maturing new principles and new arrangements of boundless value to my country. However much I may be straitened in pecunary circumstances, the great honour of being a useful subject can never be taken from me, which to me far exceeds riches".

46. Richard Trevithick (1771 � 1833) Catch-Me-Who-Can Amusement Train Ride in London 1816: Sails to Peru to Work on Steam Engines He Had Sold to Peruvian Mine Owners

47. George Stephenson (1781-1848) Began Working with His Father at the Dewey Colliery Became Enginewright at the Killingworth Colliery in 1812 Studied the Works of Watt and Trevithick A Colliery is a coal mine and assorted manufactories. A Colliery is a coal mine and assorted manufactories.

48. George Stephenson (1781-1848) Convinced the Killingworth Colliery to Allow Him to Build the Blucher Slow and Unreliable but Pulled 30 Tons Up a Gradient Builds Sixteen Locomotives in the Next Five Years

49. George Stephenson (1781-1848) 1823: Stephenson and Co. Formed in Newcastle 1830: Builds the Locomotion, a railroad engine, to Link Manchester and Liverpool The Age of the Railroad is Born Double piston with each wheel driven and wheels linked together. The Manchester-Liverpool Line and Locomotion issues in the age of the railroad. Loco � from the Latin �in the place� Double piston with each wheel driven and wheels linked together. The Manchester-Liverpool Line and Locomotion issues in the age of the railroad. Loco � from the Latin �in the place�

50. Railroads in America America Follows the British Lead (For a Brief Period) 1830: Baltimore and Ohio Company Opens First Railway Line (13 Miles) Reaches Ohio River in 1852 1840: 2,800 Miles of Track; Twice the Length of All Existing Rails in Europe 1860: 30,000 Miles of Track Cheap land, no boundaries, need to link the nationCheap land, no boundaries, need to link the nation

51. Railroads in America First British Engines Arrive in 1829 Stephenson�s John Bull Over 120 British Engines are Imported 1831: Norris Locomotive (Philadelphia) Alone Built 65 Locomotives in One Year 1840: Ten Railroad Engine Manufacturers in USA May 10, 1869, the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Join at Promontory, Utah