Participles First, read pages 184-186 in your text

1. Participles First, read pages 184-186 in your text Now look at the chart on page 185 as you read the following slides

2. Present active participles are based on the infinitive, the second principal part. Since infinitives differ by conjugation, present active participles will, too. First conj.-are remove the “re” add “ns” translate -_____ing” thus “amare” to love = ama + “ns” amans= loving

3. Second conj. Long -ere remove the “re” add “ns” translate -_____ing” thus “habere” to have habe + “ns” habens having

4. Third conj.-ere (if verb is third “io”, apply 4th conj. rules instead!!!) remove the “re” add “ns” translate -_____ing” thus “edere” to eat = ede + “ns” edens= eating

5. Fourth conj.-ire remove the “ire” add “iens” translate -_____ing” thus “dormire” to sleep = dorm + “iens” dormiens = sleeping

6. Third “io” verbs are treated like fourth conjugation!! remove the “ere” add “iens” translate -_____ing” thus capio, capere to take remove “ere” cap + “iens” capiens= taking

7. Remember, these participles are ADJECTIVES. They can modify nouns. Therefore, we need to be able to change their forms in terms of gender, case and number. That is why the chart on page 185 has a second form for each of the present active participles. Note that this second form ends in “ntis”. That is the genitive singular ending. We use it as the base for any form other than the nominative singular.

8. For instance, if I wanted to say that Publius has an eating problem: “Publius” is my subject-no change needed. “Has” is my verb-habet (he has) “Eating problem” is going to be my direct object. The word for “problem” is “aerumna, -ae f.” As I make it my D.O., I change it to “aerumnam” accusative, fem, sing. So, I now need to make “edens” agree with it. I use the present active part. chart on page 325. I look under acc. fem. sing. “edens” has the genitive “edentis”. I take off “is” and from the chart I add “em”. “edentem” is my final form.

9. Now, please note that there is no present PASSIVE participle listed in the chart on 185. If you are using a deponent verb, it will look just like a regular verb of its conjugation. Look at the deponent chart at the top of page 186. Also, notice that regular verbs do not have perfect ACTIVE participles, but deponent verbs do. Again, look at the charts on pages 185 and 186.

10. Most verbs (regular verbs) have a perfect passive participle. This is simply the fourth principal part of the verb and it translates “having been __________ed” amatus-having been loved visus-having been seen obstructus-having been blocked up etc. Now, if you have a deponent verb, you use the third part minus the “sum”. Notice that it looks like the fourth part of a regular verb. Since it needs to translate as active, leave out the “been” and translate it “having _________ed” This is the only way to have a perfect active participle. Example: conatus=having tried

11. If you need to change the form of a perfect participle, whether it is regular and passive or deponent and active, you will do it in the same way. Notice all the perfect participles end in “us” and the charts on 185 and 186 have “ -a, -um” after each “us” form. This means that you treat it like any “us, -a, -um” adjective, just using the “magnus, -a, -um” chart on page 324. So If you wanted to say “ I saw the arrested Publius.”, here is what you would do.

12. I saw the arrested Publius. Vidi = I saw Publius is the direct object, so “Publium” is the form. That would be acc. and masc. and sing. (having been) arrested= captus I look at my chart on 324 and I see “um” so “captum” Vidi Publium captum.

13. Now, here is the new form: the Future Active Participle We make all of these the same way, whether the verb is regular or deponent We take the perfect participle which you will note always ends in “us” We put “ur” right in front of the “us”. That gives us “urus” which can also be “ura” and “urum” if we need feminine or neuter

14. This translates as “about to _________” or “going to ________” The very word “future” is made from the future active participle of “sum” which is “futurus” which means “going to be” so the “urus” should make you think of “futurus” which means “future”! Pretty handy dandy, huh?

15. Now, in English, we usually express this future idea with a relative clause or some dependent clause, but in Latin, we can very elegantly express a future intention in just one word. For example, let’s take the sentence “I saw Publius who was about to jump” or “I saw Publius just when he was going jump” Okay, we already know that “vidi” = “I saw” and we know that “Publius” as a D.O. will be “Publium” which is accusative and masculine and singular.

16. So now, let’s make our word for “going to jump”. Jump-salio, salire, salui, salitus I take the fourth form, “salitus”- remember, this is usually called the perfect passive participle- and I put “ur” in front of the “us”. That gives me “saliturus”. Now, it ends with “us” and it can be “urus” or “ura” or “urum”, so guess which chart I use? Page 324 ‘magnus, -a, um” , exactly! You are so smart!

17. Now, once again, I see that the masc. acc. sing. is “um” , so my final form is “saliturum” My sentence becomes “Vidi Publium saliturum.” I have reduced the longer English versions to just three Latin words without losing the meaning!

18. One more thing, look up the word “venio” in your Latin to English Vocabulary in the back of your Ecce II book. What is the fourth form? What kind of form is this?

19. Notice that “venturus” looks like a future active participle instead of a perfect passive one. And it is. Think about it. Would it make sense to say “having been ‘comed’”? Of course not! For this reason, some non-deponent verbs won’t have a traditional fourth part. Instead, they cut right to the future active participle. These verbs tend to be verbs that weren’t used passively, or at least not by the Romans.

20. Now that you are ‘participial experts’, do the assignment on page 186, 45b. Please note that the book wants the feminine singular form. For present active participles, that is still “ns”. For perfects and futures, that would be “a”. I’ll help you with the first one. Amo principal parts are amo amare amavi amatus It is first conjugation-remember, that only matters for present active participles.

21. I take the infinitive, mark off “re” and add “ns”. Amans (loving) perf pass = 4th principal part, which I’ll change from “us” to “a” Amata (having been loved) Now for the future active participle, I’ll add in “ur” Amatura (going/about to love) NOTICE THAT I PROVIDED THE TRANSLATIONFOR EACH FORM JUST AS THE INSTRUCTION REQUESTED!!!!!!!!!

22. I’ll do one of the deponents for you as well. “sequor” principal parts are sequor, sequi, secutus sum (follow) “sequi’ tells me that it is 3rd conjugation (“i” is the deponent equivalent of “ere”-review is on page 99!) so I do it like I did “edere” sequens (following) I make a perfect ACTIVE participle for a deponent by taking the THIRD form with out the “sum” and I’ll change it to feminine-secuta(having followed) I didn’t use “been” -it’s a DEPONENT!!!!!

23. Now, for the future active, I add in the “ur” secutura (going/about to follow) That’s it!! Now, you do 2-5 and 7-10. You will have 3 Latin forms and 3 translations for each answer. That means 6 points for each of 8 items=48 points for this assignment. Sounds like a lot, but you’re still better off than miser Publius!!! Valete! Magistra