The CERN Scientific Program Le programme scientifique du CERN A tour around the laboratory

1. The CERN Scientific ProgramLe programme scientifique du CERN A tour around the laboratory CERN is the largest laboratory in the world for particle physics CERN has the world’s highest energy accelerator (the LHC) CERN has a broad program of other experiments Experimental Physics Department (EP) Manfred Krammer

2. CERN was founded 1954: 12 European States “Science for Peace” Today: 21 Member States ~ 2500 staff ~ 2300 other paid personnel ~ 12000 scientific users Member States:Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel,Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland andthe United Kingdom Associate Member: Pakistan, Turkey States in accession to Membership: Romania, Serbia Applicant States for Membership or Associate Membership:Brazil, Croatia, Cyprus, India, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine Observers to Council:India, Japan, Russia, United States of America; JINR, European Commission and UNESCO March 2016

3. 100 Nations working at CERN

4. The Mission of CERNLes missions du CERN Push back the frontiers of knowledge Studying the structure of matter on the smallest distances/highest energies… what was the matter like in the first moments of the Universe’s existence? Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors Information technology - the Web and the GRID Medicine - diagnosis and therapy Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow Unite people from different countries and cultures

5. CERN structure Health, Safety and Environment Legal Service Director General F. Gianotti Director General 4 Directors 10 Departments Internal Audit Council Support Accelerator and Technology F. Bordry Finance and Human Resources M. Steinacher International Relations Ch. Warakaulle Research and Computing E. Elsen Finance and Administration F. Sonnemann Experimental Physics M. Krammer Beams P. Collier Stakeholder Relations Education, Communication and Outreach Industry, Procurement and Knowledge Transfer Th. Lagrange Theoretical Physics G.F. Giudice Technology J.M. Jiménez Human Resources A.-S. Catherin Information Technology F. Hemmer Engineering R. Losito Site Management and Buildings LL. Miralles Experimental Physics Department (EP)~ 500 staff (~ 20% of CERN total), ~ 400 students/fellows/associates>12,000 users!

6. Physics at CERN: Understanding the Universe 13.7 billion years Today 1028 cm Big Bang Germany and CERN | May 2009

7. Big Bang Proton Atom Radius of Earth Earth to Sun LHC Radius of Galaxies Universe Accelerators act as super-microscopes cm Hubble ALMA WMAP VLT From the smallest to the largest Structures Study laws of physics at first moments after Big Bang Increasing symbiosis between Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology Germany and CERN | May 2009

8. Composition of Matter • All matter built from Atoms • Atoms consist of a Nucleus and Electrons • The Nucleus consist of Neutrons and Protons • Neutrons and Protons consist of Up and Down Quarks (and Gluons) Fundamental Matter Particles: Electrons, Up Quarks, Down Quarks

9. The Standard Model of Particle Physics Fermions (spin ½) quarks and leptons:the building blocks of matter Bosons (integer spin) carry the forces: electromagnetic (Photon), weak force (W, Z) and strong force (Gluons) Higgs Boson, gives mass to particles Plus antimatter partners of each particle.

10. Research in Particle Physics needs: • Theories • Accelerators - Engineering • Experiments - Computing • People • People • People • People

11. CERN Acceleratorsles accélérateurs

12. The Large Hadron Collider Search for the Higgs Boson, and physics beyond the Standard Model Exploration of a new energy frontier in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions

13. Experiments at the LHC Les expériences CMS LHCb ALICE ATLAS + TOTEM, LHCf, MoEDAL

14. CMS LHCb ATLAS ALICE Experiments at the LHC Four major experiments

15. Experiments at the LHC • Brilliantperformance of the LHC, the experiments and the Grid computing: Run12011-2012 : Ecm= 7– 8 TeV • Run2 2015-2018: Ecm= 13 – 14 TeV LHCb ALICE Heavy ions~ 1 month/year Pb-Pb collisions Ecm = 5 TeV/N Dedicated to flavour physics (b and c quarks)

16. Hgg candidate

17. July 2012: “ATLAS and CMS observe a new particle compatible with the Higgs Boson”

18. Future of the LHC • The Standard Model is not the end of the story: e.g. gravity not included • Dark matter (as “seen” in Astrophysics) not explained: need new particles? • Why is the Universe made of matter, when matter and antimatter would be equally produced in the Big Bang? … Bullet cluster: colliding galaxies Matter distribution: visible from X-rays (pink)Dark Matter from gravitational lensing (blue) Study Higgs couplingsSearch for new particles Study matter/antimatter differences 2015-2022: LHC p-p collisions at Ecm= 13–14 GeV 2025-2035: High Luminosity LHC, > 10x more data

19. SPS: Injector for the LHC and accelerator for experiments in the North Area

20. Fixed Target Physics Lower energy experiments at PS or SPS (in 1-100 GeV) range allow precision measurements and comparison with theoryDeviations can be sign of new physics at higher energies NA58 (COMPASS):muon spin physics, spectroscopy NA61 (SHINE): ion physics, quark gluon plasma NA62: rare K decays NA63: electromagnetic processes in strong crystalline fields Lead ion collision COMPASS in North Hall (60 m long)

21. Neutrino physics (new extension of North Area) Like quarks, neutrinos exist in different flavors nmntne and their flavour oscillates nmntnmne Has been studied with nmbeam sent from CERN to Gran Sasso in Italy (CNGS). New neutrino programme at CERN: neutrino platform as a test area with charged beams for neutrino detectors (e.g. R&D for large liquid argon detectors). LBNF/DUNE in the US:

22. Next stop : ISOLDE and nTOF

23. Nuclear Physics: ISOLDE & nTOF ISOLDE: radioactive ion beams Nuclear physics Astrophysics Solid state physics Medical applications Upgrade to higher intensity(HIE-ISOLDE) in progress 5 MeV/nucleon nTOF (neutron time-of-flight) Measures neutron cross-sections Astrophysics Burning of nuclear waste Additional new experimental area EAR-2

24. Antiproton Decelerator

25. Antiproton & Antihydrogen Physics Matter-Antimatter comparison Fundamental in the current theory of physics: m = m, g = g ATRAP, ALPHA Trapping and spectroscopy of Hbar in a "bottle” ASACUSA Spectroscopy of exotic atoms and of in-flight Hbar BASE Magnetic moment of the antiproton AEgIS, GBAR Hbar free fall, gravity effect on antimatter Galileo’s experiment for antimatter! H H AEgIS

26. PS East Hall

27. Environmental Physics • CLOUD - Study effect of cosmic rays on cloud formation • Cosmic rays “simulated” by PS beam, • clouds created in a large climatic chamber • Relevant to climate change

28. Non Accelerator Experiments CAST: The CERN Axion Solar Telescope - Search for solar axions completed in 2015 - New search for dark matter axions - New search for solar chameleons Using a spare LHC dipole Exclusion plot:

29. Future accelerators • LHC, and its upgrade to higher luminosity,is central to CERN program for next decade(s)But need to prepare for what will come after,so future accelerators are under study • CLIC – Compact Linear Collider Studying the detector design for possible future e+e- linear colliders up to 3 Tev (including studies for the ILC) • FCC – Future Circular ColliderStudy 100 km circumference machinepp collisions at 100 TeV, as well as e+e- • Results from the LHC should help decide

30. Summary • The CERN scientific program is: • Rich and diverse • Covers a wide range of energies from atomic physics to the highest energy frontier • Strong in transfer of technology, education and relevance to issues in wider society (information, health, climate, energy, …) • CERN’s success is built on its personnelWelcome, to join the adventure! Bienvenu!