Introduction to Oedipus the King

1. Introduction to Oedipus the King Three Week Drama Unit

2. Introduction Greek playwright Sophocles wrote the last play in the Theban Trilogy, Antigone, around 442 B.C. The Theban Trilogy consists of Oedipus Rex (Oedipus the King), Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone, but the play considered the last of the three was, ironically, written first.

3. Sophocles was born around 496 B.C. and died sometime after 441 B.C. and lived near Athens.

4. Only seven of Sophocles's one hundred-twenty-three tragedies have survived to the modern era—with the trilogy surviving the ages intact. These three plays are perhaps the most famous of the seven, with Antigone performed most often.

5. The three Theban plays deal with King Oedipus's tragic fall from power and the ruin of his children.

6. Many playwrights in Ancient Greece used mythological stories to comment on social and political concerns of their time. This is what Sophocles may have intended when he wrote Antigone. Based on the legends of Oedipus, Sophocles may have been trying to send a message to the Athenian general, Pericles, about the dangers of authoritarian rule.

7. Historical Context Fifth Century Greece and Its Influence The fifth century B.C. in Greece was a time of great advancement in philosophy, art, and government. Great writers such as Aristotle, Aeschylus, and Sophocles wrote plays, philosophy, and political tracts that would influence the world for thousands of years to come.

8. Democracy was being established, and the "Hippocratic Oath," written by Hippocrates the Great in 429 B.C., was being taken by the first doctors; this oath is the same oath taken by contemporary doctors. A lot of what we learn from Ancient Greece is still relevant to today’s society!

9. Bronze Age of Greece Oedipus the King takes place in Bronze Age Thebes, sometime during the 1200s B.C. Sophocles uses the legends of the family of Oedipus in order to explore social and political issues of his time.

10. Attending the theater was a civic and religious duty in Sophocles's time. By setting his play in a time period 800 years before his own, he could explore social and political issues without offending those currently in power.

11. Civil and Moral Unrest In 429 B.C. a great plague killed almost two-thirds of the population of Athens, causing civil and moral unrest and testing the bounds of democracy.

12. Warfare was also common at this time in Greek society, as the city-states of Greece competed with each other for trade, commerce, and artistic superiority. This unrest is reflected in the events portrayed in Oedipus, beginning with the tale Oedipus tells about his encounter with a king from another land, who thought he was a rebel.

13. Democracy and Government Sophocles was not only a respected writer, but also a member of the government in Athens. Democracy was practiced differently in Ancient Greece than it is in the modern United States. Full citizenship, which included the right to vote, was only given to free men; women and slaves were not considered full citizens and so lacked the same rights as men.

14. They were forced to follow a different code of conduct. Despite such inequities and restrictions, the foundations laid in the fifth century B.C. provided a framework for the founders of the United States.

15. Authoritarian Rule Characterized by or favoring absolute obedience to authority, as against individual freedom. Characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty; "an authoritarian regime"; "autocratic government"; "despotic rulers"; "a dictatorial rule that lasted for the duration of the war"; "a tyrannical government" • Benito Mussolini • Adolf Hitler • Martha Stewart

16. The Great Dionysia Afestival in honor of the god Dionysus, the god of fertility, theater, and wine in Athens. The tragedies written by Sophocles were intended to be performed at this festival. Attending these plays was considered a civic duty, and even criminals were let out of jail to attend. Antigone won Sophocles first prize at the festival and was an enormous success.

17. The theater of Dionysus as it survives today with the remains of an elaborate stone skene, paved orchestra and marble seats was built in the last third of the fourth century B.C. This stone theater had a capacity of approximately fifteen thousand spectators

18. Stadium Size comparison… The Carolina Panthers play at the BB&T stadium in Charlotte that can hold 73,000 people. UNC-Charlotte’s football stadium holds roughly 15,000people, similar to the Dionysia

19. Plays and Dramas The writers of the fifth century B.C. established the traditions of both tragedy and comedy. The first three plays at the Great Dionysia festival were tragedies, followed by the satyr play, which poked fun at the characters and situations of the earlier tragedies

20. “Satyr" served as the forerunner to the modern dramatic convention of satire, which uses humor to criticize or mock. The satyr plays were then followed by a comedy by another playwright. The competition for comedic plays was separate from the competition for tragedies. Satyr is a half-man, half-goat figure who, in greek mythology, love wine and women- as well as dancing with nymphs.

21. Actors The actors in tragedy were hired and paid by the state and assigned to the tragic poets probably by lot. By the middle of the fifth century three actors were required for the performance of a tragedy.

22. In descending order of importance of the roles they assumed they were called the • Protagonist: first actor (a term also applied in modern literary criticism to the central character of a play) • Deuteragonist: second actor • Tritagonist: third actor The protagonist took the role of the most important character in the play while the other two actors played the lesser roles.

23. Since most plays have more than two or three characters (although never more than three speaking actors in the same scene), all three actors played multiple roles.

24. Since women were not allowed to take part in dramatic productions, male actors had to play female roles. The playing of multiple roles, both male and female, was made possible by the use of masks, which prevented the audience from identifying the face of any actor with one specific character.

25. The masks with subtle variations also helped the audience identify the sex, age, and social rank of the characters. It helped eliminate the physical appearance of men impersonating women.

26. The fact that the chorus remained in the orchestra throughout the play and sang and danced choral songs between the episodes allowed the actors to exit after an episode.

27. It allowed the actors to change mask and costume and assume a new role in the next episode without any illusion-destroying interruption in the play.

28. The Chorus The chorus, unlike the actors, were non-professionals who had a talent for singing and dancing and were trained by the poet in preparation for the performance. The standard number of members of a chorus was twelve, but was raised to fifteen by Sophocles. The chorus, like the actors, wore costumes and masks.

29. Parts of a Play Because we usually read tragedies rather than seeing theatrical productions of them and also because our reading is usually in translation, we miss the following elements which are additional aids to interpretation beyond the script of the play: scenery, inflection of actors' voices, actors' gestures and postures, costumes and masks, singing, dancing, sounds of the original language and its various poetic rhythms.

30. Structure of Greek Plays Tragedy has a characteristic structure in which scenes of dialogue alternate with choral songs. This arrangement allows the chorus to comment in its song in a general way on what has been said and/or done in the preceding scene. Most tragedies begin with an opening scene of dialogue or a monologue called a prologue.

31. After the prologue the chorus marches into the orchestra chanting the parodos. (Parodos = Parade like)

32. Possible structure for a Tragedy Prologue Parodos First Episode First Choral Second Episode Second Choral Third Episode Third Choral Fourth Episode Fourth Choral Exodos

33. Theater The theater was an open-air auditorium and, due to the lack of adequate artificial lighting, performances took place during the day. Scenes set at night had to be identified as such by the actors or the chorus; the audience, upon receiving these verbal cues, had to use its imagination.

34. The action of a tragedy normally takes place in front of palaces, temples and other outdoor settings. This seemed natural to the ancient audience because Greek public affairs, whether civic or religious, were conducted outside.

35. Scenery Terms This is suggested by the wordskene which means 'tent', and was used to refer to a wooden wall having doors and painted to represent a palace, temple or whatever setting was required.

36. The wall, which eventually became a full-fledged stage building, probably acquired this name because it replaced the original tent.The construction of the wooden skene (our theatrical terms "scene" and "scenery") and of a formal seating area consisting of wooden benches on the slope, which had been hollowed out, probably took place some time toward the middle of the fifth century.

37. Mechane a 'theatrical machine', a crane to which a cable with a harness for an actor was attached. This device allowed an actor portraying a god or goddess to arrive on scene in the most realistic way possible, from the sky.

38. Ekkyklema a ‘wheeled-out thing', or a platform on wheels rolled out through one of the doors of the skene, on which a table was displayed representing the result of an action indoors (e.g., a murder) and therefore was unseen by the audience.

39. There were strict rules for tragedy in the Great Dionysia, and the plays were viewed as valued cultural commodities. To qualify—let alone win—dramatic works had to subscribe to a strict format that had been used for many years.

40. Modern plays are evaluated according to the standards set forth by plays written in Ancient Greece, and contemporary playwrights look to writers such as Sophocles for instruction and inspiration.

41. The Sophists Athens in the fifth century B.C. saw the rise of a revolutionary group of teachers and philosophers called the Sophists. This group broke with tradition and focused more on the study of the actions of humankind than on the standard legends of gods and goddesses.

42. Sophocleswas one of these individual teachers, who, although differing in their views as well as their standards, agreed that the main subject of their teaching should be human actions.

43. These middle-class teachers instructed the sons of the wealthy about politics and the practice of democracy with the full support of Pericles and other leaders. Sophists = Sophocles

44. Who is Oedipus The play follows the fall of the great king, Oedipus, and later the tragedies that his children suffer. The Oedipus plays have had a wide-reaching influence and are particularly notable for inspiring Sigmund Freud’s theory of the “Oedipus Complex” which describes a stage of psychological development in which a child sees their father as an adversarial competitor for his or her mother’s attention. Non-psychology speak= it’s the kill-the-father-sleep-with-the-mother complex.

45. Themes in Oedipus the King • Fate and Free Will • Wisdom and Knowledge • Determination • Power • Memory and Past