The Effects of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on a Sample Grid

1. The Effects of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on a Sample Grid Team Members: Jeff Eggebraaten Brendin Johnson Anne Mousseau Justin Schlee

2. Overview • Defining the problem • Market Research • Load Analysis • Time of Day • Future Work

3. Problem Statement The demand for plug-in electric vehicles is increasing rapidly, which will pose new challenges for power utilities in terms of understanding how this additional load will effect their distribution grids. Idaho Power asked EVI to perform this analysis.

4. Car Types • Plug-in Electric Vehicles • Run only on electricity • Do not have another fuel source • Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) • Run on electricity and fuel • Gas engine can drive the wheels or act as a generator

5. Market Research Why is market research needed? - To predict the future number of PHEV’s on the road.

6. Projected Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Share Share of New Vehicle Sales Source: EPRI Year

7. Market Research Gathered Information • National Numbers • National Yearly Sales (Autodata) • Projected PHEV new car sales (E.P.R.I.) • Number of cars on the road per year (D.O.T.) • Regional Numbers • Number of cars registered in Idaho (Idaho D.M.V) • Number of cars registered in Ada county (Idaho D.M.V) Results • Projected number of PHEV’s in Idaho (2010–2040) • Projected number of PHEV’s in Ada county (2010–2040)

8. Projected Number of PHEV’s in Boise

9. Conductive Charger Levels * Receptacle rating (maximum continuous current of 12 A). ** Maximum allowed by standards Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau

10. Battery Size and Charge Time

11. Line Voltages before PHEV loading Year 2010

12. Line Voltages with PHEV loading Year 2040

13. Number of Distribution Grid Issues with PHEV loading Year 2010 -2040

14. PHEV Loading Mitigation • Added Voltage Regulators • Re-conductored Overloaded Lines • Added Capacitors • Approximated Cost of $132,000

15. Line Voltages with PHEV loading and Mitigation Year 2040 Capacitor Added Re conductor 2 Voltage Regulators

16. Time of Day Charging • Customer comes home and plugs in the car (~5 pm) • Normal utility peak (~5 pm) • To reduce this load, shift the charge time (~10 pm)

17. Time of Day Analysis

18. Variable Power Rates Pros of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan: • About 5% of total power usage was shifted to off-peak hours • Overall electricity usage was reduced by 6% • An overall positive reaction from the customers for the incentive to use energy more efficiently Source: Puget Sound Energy

19. Variable Power Rates Cons of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan: • To break even customers would have needed to use more than half their electricity during the lowest rate hours. • This was an inconvenience for some families who felt that the time-of-day plan was incompatible with their lifestyle. Source: Puget Sound Energy

20. Power Sellback – V2G Electric vehicles can be used to provide power during peak usage times Benefits • Peak Shaving • Load Regulation Challenges • Harmonics • Protection Tripping • Safety

21. Future Work • Power Quality • Effects of Higher Charging Levels • Transmission, Generation, and Protection

22. Conclusions • By 2040 PHEV’s charging will increase load by 18% • Additional load results in voltage drop • Equipment will need to be upgraded to accommodate load • Shifting charge time results in a 7.73% peak load reduction • Time of day plan can incentivize a shift in charging time

23. Thanks: Idaho Power Marc Patterson, Mel Trammel, Mary Graesch University of Idaho Dr. Herbert Hess, Dr. Greg Donohoe, Dr. Joseph Law, John Jacksha

24. Market Research Calculations

25. Additional Load Due to PHEVs