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桥 梁 工 程

Bridge Engineering. 桥 梁 工 程. 陈小佳 Email ： xjchen@whut 。 edu.cn. Bridge Engineering 桥 梁 工 程. About this course: 关于本课程 The course concerns the bridge design and its construction 本课程是研究桥梁设计和桥梁施工方法的学科 The relation between the course and former courses 本课程与以前所学课程的关系 ：

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桥 梁 工 程

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  1. Bridge Engineering 桥 梁 工 程 • 陈小佳 • Email：xjchen@whut。edu.cn

  2. Bridge Engineering桥 梁 工 程 About this course: 关于本课程 The course concerns the bridge design and its construction 本课程是研究桥梁设计和桥梁施工方法的学科 The relation between the course and former courses 本课程与以前所学课程的关系 ： Construction material 建筑材料 Material Mechanics材料力学 Structural Mechanics结构力学 Principle of structure design结构设计原理 Some necessary reference 必备的参考资料 行业标准，公路工程技术标准（TJG B01-2003) 行业标准，公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范 （TJG D62-2004) • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  3. Chapter 1 Introduction BRIDGE ENGRGPART I • Development of the Bridge Engineering桥梁的发展 • Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 • Progress on the Theory 理论的发展 • Advancement on the Technique 技术的进步 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  4. Development of the Bridge Engineering---- Evolvement of the Materials 出土壁画中描述的木结构桥梁 桥梁各部分清晰可辨，结构井然有序 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  5. Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 The wood bridge preserved in China 国内尚保存的木结构桥梁 Corridor Bridge in Tai Shun, Zhejiang 浙江泰顺廊桥 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  6. Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 古罗马时期的石桥 半圆拱的杰作。 各方石材之间均为干砌，石材加工之精细，令人惊叹。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  7. Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 世界著名石拱桥——赵州桥（或名安济桥） 历经1400年，创造了多项世界奇迹 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  8. Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 中国江浙一带优美的石拱桥 和环境协调 统一的产物 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  9. Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 The first Iron Bridge in the world near Telford in Shropshire, built in 1779 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  10. Evolvement of the Materials 材料的演变 The times of high capability / performance materials 高性能材料的时代 Steel: high strength and low relaxation Concrete : high strength and good workability • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  11. Development of the Bridge Engineering---- Progress on the Theory 材料的飞速发展和应用，推动了理论的研究，使得设计理论日趋成熟。 Empirical design method 经验设计法 Allowance stress method 允许应力法 kσ ≤ [σ] Ultimate state design method 极限状态设计法 S(rgG; rq∑Q) ≤ rdR(Rg/rg; Rc/rc) • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  12. Development of the Bridge Engineering ---- Advancement on the Technique Transportation / Lifting capacity / Setting 施工技术的发展早期体现在运输、起重和安装方面。 福建漳州虎渡桥（1240年），总长340 m，最大跨的石梁长23.7m，高1.9m，就利用了潮水涨落来进行浮运架设，这是人类利用自然力量来进行桥梁施工。 现在的浮吊起重能力可达14000kN，运输的方式根据不同情况，可以从陆（地）、海（水上）、空三个方面进行。 现代桥梁施工技术还体现在桥梁的施工控制方面，桥梁在施工阶段往往是最脆弱的，也就是我们常比拟为桥梁的成长期，需要特别的保护；不仅仅是安全， 还包括线形控制等。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  13. Development of the Bridge Engineering Modern bridges • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  14. Development of the Bridge Engineering Longest bridge across the sea 世界第一长跨大桥——日本明石大桥 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  15. By nature Bridge over river obstacle By human Viaduct What is Bridge ? A bridge is defined as the structure that surmounts an obstacle, such as a river or declivity and is used as a passageway for pedestrian, motor or rail traffic. ——New Encyclopedia Britannia 桥梁定义为跨越河流、山谷等障碍物并被用来作为行人、汽车或列车的通道的结构物。 Can an aqueduct be thought as a bridge? 渡槽是否为桥梁呢？ • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  16. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 • The main types of bridge structure 桥梁的主要类型 • Beam bridge 梁式桥 • Arch bridge拱式桥 • Rigid-frame bridge刚架桥 • Cable-stayed bridge & Suspension bridge 索承桥 （包括斜拉桥和悬索桥） • Combination bridge of different systems 组合体系桥 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  17. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 • Beam bridge 梁式桥 特点 ：竖向荷载下无水平反力，梁只承受剪力和弯矩。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  18. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 • Arch bridge 拱式桥 特点 ：竖向荷载下有水平反力，能消除拱体部分弯矩，拱主要受压，可采用圬工或混凝土结构建造，对基础地质条件要求较高。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  19. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 • Rigid-frame bridge 刚架桥 特点 ：梁柱共同工作，桥下净空易保证，对跨线桥非常有利。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  20. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 Suspension bridge 悬索桥 特点 ：构件受力明确，塔受压（弯）；索受拉；梁为弹性支撑连续梁。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  21. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 • 桥梁的主要类型 • Cable-stayed bridge 斜拉桥 特点 ：与吊桥类似， 梁除受弯剪外，还受压。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  22. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 按使用性质分为公路桥、公铁两用桥、人行桥等。 按跨径大小和多跨总长分为小桥、中桥、大桥、特大桥。 新的《公路工程技术标准》（JTG B01-2003) (2004-03-01实施） 对特大桥和大桥重新作了界定。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  23. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成与分类 按行车道位置分为上承式桥、中承式桥、下承式桥。 按使用年限可分为永久性桥、半永久性桥、临时桥。 按材料类型分为木桥、圬工桥、钢筋砼桥、预应力桥、钢桥。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  24. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成 The main parts of the bridge桥梁的组成 Superstructure 上部结构 Substructure 下部结构 Bridge 桥 梁 Bearing 支座 Accessory 附属设施 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  25. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成 桥梁的组成——下部结构 下部结构包括桥墩( pier )、桥台( abutment )和基础(foundation)。 桥梁的组成——上部结构 上部结构俗称桥跨结构，是跨越障碍的主要承重结构，习惯上是指支座以上跨越桥孔的结构物总称 上部结构 桥台 墩 基础 下部结构 桩基础 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  26. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成 桥梁的组成——bearing支座 支座（bearing)是根据设计要求允许上部结构产生一定变位的传力装置。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  27. Classification of the Bridge and its Constitutes桥梁的基本组成 • 桥梁的组成—— Accessory 附属设施 • Including: • 桥面铺装（bridge decking) • 排水设施（drainage） • 伸缩缝（expansion joint) • 桥梁与路堤衔接处的桥头搭板(transition slab at bridge head) • 锥形护坡(conical slope) • 人行道(pavement) • 路灯（lamp standard） • 栏杆（guardrail） • 缘石（kerb) • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  28. Terminology related with bridge engineering桥梁的若干名词术语 • Water lever水位 • 低水位（low water lever) ： 枯水季节的最低水位。 • 高水位（high water lever) ：洪峰季节河流中的最高水位。 • 设计洪水位（designed flood lever): 桥梁设计中按规定的设计洪水频率计算所得的高水位。 • 计算水位（calculated water lever): 设计洪水位加壅水和浪高得到的水位。 • 通航水位（navigable water lever): 在各级航道中能保持船舶正常航行时的水位。 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  29. Terminology related with bridge engineering桥梁的若干名词术语 • 与桥梁的布置有关的术语 • 净跨径（clear span) l0 • 总跨径（total span) ∑ l0 • 计算跨径（computed span)l • 标准跨径（standard span） lk • 桥梁全长（total length of bridge) L • 桥下净空（clearance of span) H • 桥面净空（clearance above bridge floor) • 桥梁建筑高度（construction height of bridge） h L h l0 H 设计 水位 l • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  30. Terminology related with bridge engineering桥梁的若干名词术语 • 与桥梁的布置有关的术语 • 净矢高（ clearance of rise) f0 • 计算矢高（computed rise) f • 矢跨比（ rise-span ratio)f/l f f0 l0 l • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  31. 支座bearing 支座垫板 bearing plates 墩帽pier cap 基础footing Terminology related with bridge engineering桥梁的若干名词术语 桥梁的组成: 下部结构及支座 墩 Pier BACK • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  32. 翼墙 wing walls 背墙 back wall 胸墙 breast wall 翼墙 wing walls 基础footing 基础footing Terminology related with bridge engineering桥梁的若干名词术语 桥梁的组成:下部结构——桥台Abutment 背墙 back wall 重力式桥台 Masonry abutment bridge seat 台帽 cap 轻型桥台 RC abutment BACK • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

  33. Review 本章回顾 • 桥梁的发展 • 桥梁的基本组成与分类 • 桥梁的若干名词术语 • SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION, WUT PRODUCED BY：X J CHEN

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