The Visigothic Kingdom

1. The Visigothic Kingdom • Count Julian, the Christian ruler of Ceuta (now a Spanish city in Africa,) sent one of his daughters to the Visigothic court of Toledo for higher education. • Count Julian's daughter, Florinda was raped and impregnated by King Roderic of the Visigothic Kingdom. • The story of “Florinda” is very famous, and is said to be why the Muslims invaded Spain. Florinda

2. Conspiring to Invade • Because Count Julian, Musa and many other influential families were not content with the Visiogothic Kingdom, they used their power to take control. • Musa and Count Julian joined forces and used one another for their own benefit. • At this time, the Visigothic Kingdom was not ruled well, and the desperate state was easy to control due to the close proximity to Africa. Muslim Expansion in Spain

3. The Invasion of the Strait of Gibraltar. • On, July 17, 711, Musa sent troops into the Strait of Gibraltar. • The commander of Tariq ibn-Ziyad, had a army of 7,000 recently converted Muslims. They landed at the rock, which still holds it’s name as,Gebel Tariq. • Tariq caught King Roderic off guard, and by the time Roderic was prepared to fight, Tariq had already reinforced 5,000 more troops. • King Roderic was abandoned by most of his troops, and is said to have been killed in battle.

4. Al-andulus- The Defeat • The name of this defeated country was Al-andulus. Translated to “The Isle of the Vandals,” commonly known as Andulucia. • With much easy, Tariq proceeded to the capital Toledo in 713. At this time, Musa himself joined Tariq with an additional 18,000 troops to push further into Spain. • Al-andulus’s first capital was established as Sevilla, but it was later changed to Cordoba.

5. Abd al-Rahman I (756-788) • Abd al-Rahman built the foundations of the Great Mosque in 785. • In 756 Abd al-Rahman I, he escaped from Damascus in Africa, and went to Amunacar (outside of Nerja.) There he overthrew the Emir of al-Andulus and declared himself independent emir of the providence of al-Andulus. • He re-established the Emirate of Cordoba and stabilized the population. • In 785 he started the Great Mosque, which was much expanded by his successor Caliph Hisham

6. Caliph Hisham, Caliph Hisham I, & al-Hakem • Calph Hisham who was Abd al-Rahman’s successor, worked on many of his attractive buildings. • Calph Hisham was succeeded by the designated hair, and second son Hisham I (788-796.) He ruled for seven years, and devoted himself to completing the Great Mosque. • His successor, al-Hakem (796-822) was obsessed with internal security, which presented a problem. • He turned the population against him with his fiscal demands, and much of the population was discontent.

7. Abd al-Rahman II, Abd al-Rahman III & Al Mansur • Rahman II ruled al-Andulus for 30 years. His interest in arts and culture attracted many sophisticated people from the Muslim world and Europe. • Muslimization (the spread of the Muslim religion in Spain) started the become a problem. • Rahman III appointed his grandson, Abd Allah to take control of the situation in Al-Andulus. • Al-Mansur was a man whose power influenced Christian territories. Barcelona, and Santago de Compostela were conqured from 985-977. He died, and Abd al-Rahman was placed in charged. Rahman got executed at a campaign in 1002, by his own family. Suylaman, another one of Muhammad's grandson’s was handed the thrown. When Hisham III died, the Umayyad Caliphate ceased to exist.

8. The Caliphate of Cordoba The Caliphate of Cordoba

9. 929- Abd Al Rahman 111 changed the Emirate of Cordoba to a Caliphate • He initiated a policy of reconciliation with the Mozarabs • His reign was both peaceful and prosperous

10. Crops and economy • The Guadalquivir Valley was covered in fertile farms producing crops that the Moors introduced from their homeland. • New agriculture and irrigation techniques enabled new kinds of flourishing crops • The economy advanced beyond the normal economies of that time period, with a standard currency • The most advanced culture in Europe: thousands of mosques, over six hundred baths, and libraries containing hundreds of thousands of books • Many groundbreaking scientific achievements in areas such as astronomy and mathematics

11. Cordoba • Over 450,000 inhabitants • Mezquita- third largest mosque in the world • Center of learning and culture

12. 976- death of Al- Hakem II brings beginning of the end • Al-Hakem’s successor, Hisham II, was only 11 years old when he took the throne, and was Caliph by title only. • Instead, Almanzor, his regent, ruled as a sort of dictator. He made Medina Azzahara the new administrative city.

13. The power and brilliance of the Caliphate was marred by a civil war that took up about the first thirty years of the 11th century. Internal strife arose and it was impossible to hold things together.

14. 1031- the Caliphate dissolved and broke into small city-state kingdoms known as taifas. • Taifas competed between each other, not only for land and power but for the most brilliant cultural accomplishments • The kings of the taifas took pride in their scholars, artists, musicians and architects, and each sought to outdo the other in their achievements • Because the taifas were separated by tension, they offered an easy target for the Christians who sought to reconquest Spain.

15. Reinos De Taifas • Also known as the era of “Petty Kings” 1008-1031 • 1066 Abu Ishaq, a Granadan scholar, writes a poem accusing the wazir, Joseph Ha- Nagid, of having too much political influence. His followers, in return, kill the wazir along with hundreds of Granada Jews. • 1075 Muslim Toledo takes control of Cordoba from Seville with the help of Castillian troops

16. The Downfall of the “Petty Kings” • King of Galicia from 1065 to 1071. His father, Ferdinand I the Great, divided his lands among his three sons and Alfonso VI received Leon and Castile • In 1085 Alfonso VI captured the city of Toledo. • This was a crippling blow to Spanish Islam • In the Battle of Zallaqa in 1086, the Almoravids defeated these combined forces “Emperor of All Spains”

17. The Almoravid Dynasty North African Berber dynasty Their theology was based on a strict Malikite version of Sharia From the year 1053, they began to spread their religious way to the Berber areas of the Sahara, and to the regions south of the desert. At its extent, the empire stretched 3,000 kilometres north to south

18. The Almoravid Battle Techniques • Almoravids introduced a new more developed warfare way in Spain, relying on the use of flag and battle drums to transmit orders during the battles • The Almoravids religious influence was gradual and not heavily involved in military strife "Murabit" another word for the Almoravids, is thought to of meant "tied to Horses,” hence, they were always ready for battle!

19. The History of the Almoravids • 1090: Yusuf starts a policy of deposing the Muslim rulers, while extending Almoravid control in Spain. • 1091: The leaders of Almería and Sevilla are removed from power • 1102: Valencia falls to the Almoravids. • In 1147, the Almoravids were in turn defeated by another coalition of Berber tribes, the Almohads. .

20. 1121- Ibn Tumart, the Berber Preacher, created the Almohad movement, a conservative Muslim movement, originating from North Africa came back from his pilgramige and thought almoravids weren't folling it enough so he developed the almohads 1130- Almohads defeated Almoravids to spread their culture The Almohad Dynasty

21. The History of the Almohads • 1167- Almohad leader- Abu Yusaf Yaqub orders the construction of the Great Mosque in Seville • later made Seville their capital • 1195- With Castilian Cavalrie's help, they defeat Alfonso VIII, the King of Castile, at the Battle of Alarcos. • 1212- The Battle of Las Navas De Tolosa destroyed the Almohad dominance and the Muslim power collapsed and The Nasrids rise to power in Granada

22. Kingdom of Granada 1212-1492 • The Nasrids established the longest lasting Muslim dynasty on the Iberian Peninsula in 1228 when the Almohad prince, Idris, left Iberia. Battle of al-qab

23. 1238 • After the conquest of Cordoba in 1236, with Ferdinand III, the Kingdom of Granada was officially made in 1238.

24. The Alhambra • Most of the Alhambra that survives today can be credited to the Nasrids sultans and kings, including Ibn Nasr who requested that many palaces, bath houses and gardens, which in the end, turned into an elaborate and beautiful city.

25. THE END!!