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Essential Question : How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the Chesapeake , Southern, New England , & Middle colonies?. Four Colonial Subcultures.
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Essential Question: • How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?
Four Colonial Subcultures • The different values of the migrants (colonists) created the unique “personalities” of each of the newly created colonies; it led to distinct (not unified) colonies • The Chesapeake • New England • Middle Colonies • The Lower South
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth • After Walter Raleigh's failed Roanoke settlement, there was little interest in colonizing America; but some people kept promoting colonies: • chances to gain wealth • compete with Spain, Holland, France • Nationalism, anti-Catholicism, & anti-Spanish feelings
Entrepreneurs in Virginia • The major obstacle to colonizing in America was funding (where to get the money for it); Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax dollars on this: • Joint-stock companies provided financing for colonies • In 1606, King James gave the London Company the 1st charter (formal permission) to establish colonies in America
The London Company, 1606 The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits
“The Virginia Colony” Reading & Discussion • Based upon the reading • What were the expectations of theearlyJamestowncolonists? • What were conditions like during the early years of the Jamestown colony?
Entrepreneurs in Virginia • Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the Chesapeake Bay: • the location was unhealthy but easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians) • Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement • Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy & failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death
Spinning Out of Control Captain John Smith • In 1608, John Smith imposed order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives • But, Jamestown faced difficulties: • Poor leadership & harsh winters led to starving time (1609-1610) • In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was attacked by Powhatan Indians The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River
Powhatan Confederacy The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347
Saved by a “Stinking Weed” • John Rolfe introduced a tobacco hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy
Early Colonial Tobacco • 1618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco • 1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack, 60,000 pounds produced • 1627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco • 1629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco
Saved by a “Stinking Weed” • In 1618, headrights were used to encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown: • A 50-acre lot was granted to each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony • Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes
English Migration, 1610-1660 Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights
Virginia House of Burgesses • In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances • The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America
How Many Slaves? • In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in Jamestown • In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the New World per year • Through the 18th century, 5.5 million arrived in America • By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the New World • Before 1831, more African slaves came to America than Europeans
Time of Reckoning • Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was a deadly place to live • Many died from disease • Numerous Powhatan attacks • Indentured servants (people who worked for someone for several years in return for the cost of their trip being paid) were treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended • Few females (6 men for every 1 woman) made families or reproduction (growing the colony) difficult
Corruption and Reform • In 1624, king got rid of Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony • But colonists continued to meet in the House of Burgesses • Very little changed; Jamestown colonists still focused on tobacco & were not really united
Maryland: A Refuge (place of protection) for Catholics • Initiated by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics • In 1632, Charles I granted a charter for for Maryland • To recruit laborers, Lord Baltimore required toleration among Catholics & Protestants
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics • Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & indentured servants: • Maryland had few large tobacco plantations • Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements
Essential Question: • How did differences in values affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, Southern, & Middle colonies?
Reforming England in America • There were 2 extremist religious groups in England: • Catholics (many settled in Maryland) • Puritans who wanted Anglican (Protestant) Church stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”)
The Pilgrims in Plymouth • Pilgrims were separatists (people who broke away) who refused to worship in the Anglican (Protestant) Church; fled to Holland to in attempt to not give up religious beliefs • Moved to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England • Formed the Mayflower Compact among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t)
The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion • What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact? • Is this a religious or a political document? Explain
Reforming England in America The origins of Thanksgiving • PilgrimsfoundedPlymouthin1620 • Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives • Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual agreement • had trouble attracting new people to colony • In 1691,Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony
“The Great Migration” • Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England: • Believedinpredestination,fought social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church • In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England • From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony
“A City on a Hill” • Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of good behavior,ideas, and morals • New England experienced unique trends amongst its population: • Settlers usually came as families • NE was a generally healthy place to live • Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of the community
“A City on a Hill” • As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities: • Each town was independently governed by local church members (Congregationalism) • Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote) • Officials were responsible to God, not the people they represented
“A City on a Hill” • NE town gov’ts were autonomous (ruled themselves) & most people participated due to common religious values • Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: • Passed system of laws and created civil courts to maintain order & settle differences
Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams • Puritans never supported religious toleration, esp Roger Williams: • Williams was a separatist who questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the landwasnotboughtfromnatives • Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas • Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636
Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson • Anne Hutchinson believed she was directly inspired by God: • Believed that “converted” people do not need to follow man’s laws; they only need to follow God’s laws • Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders • ShewasbanishedtoRhodeIsland
Mobility and Division • After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies: • New Hampshire • Rhode Island • Connecticut • New Haven
Mobility and Division • New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay • Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay • Fundamental Orders was model of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history)
Mobility and Division • New Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state (gov’t.) • Rhode Island attracted independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by Roger Williams)
The Middle Colonies:New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
