Chapter 7 and 8

1. Chapter 7 and 8 Anglo-American Colonization of Texas

2. Why come to Texas? • Pushed out of Spain • Pulled into Texas

3. 4 Types of Frontier Settlements • Missions • Self-Supporting • Daily Life • Presidios • Who’s in charge? • Daily Life

4. 4 Types of Frontier Settlements (continued) • Towns • Who lived there • Daily life • Women • Problems • Ranches • Why ranching instead of farming?

5. Colonists Rebel • Why were they unhappy? • Enlightenment • Father Hidalgo – Grito de Dolores • Mexican Unrest Continues • Spanish Influence lives on

6. Americans Move West • Many Anglo Americans look west to Spanish territories for land and opportunities. • Anglo American = People whose ancestors moved from one of many European countries to the United States and who now share a common culture and language. • Spain feared the Americans would try to gain control of their land.

7. Spain Controls Immigration • American Immigrants were allowed to settle in Missouri if they would pledgeloyalty to Spain and become Catholics. • Spain hoped these conditions would allow the population to grow under tight control. • George Morgan was the first American Empresario to recruit from the U.S. • Empresario = An agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony.

8. Philip Nolan in Texas • Philip Nolan, a filibuster, was suspected by Spain of being a spy for the U.S. Army Commander of Louisiana, General James Wilkinson. • Filibuster = An adventurer who engages in a private rebellious activity in a foreign country. • Nolan and one other are killed in a shootout. The rest are imprisoned. • Peter Ellis Bean is the only known survivor.

9. Neutral Ground Agreement • The U.S. purchases Louisiana from France for $15 million in 1803, but what’s the border? Arroyo Hondo or Sabine River? • Wilkinson and the Spanish Commander, General Simon Herrera make a compromise, creating the Neutral Zone. • The Neutral Zone = The land between the Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine River. • Lawlessness occurred with the U.S. having to clean it up.

10. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition • Gutierrez and Magee raise the Republic of the North, an army to win TX Independence and declare it a Republic. • Republic = A nation or state in which people elect representatives to govern them. • Tejano = A person of Mexican descent living in Texas. • Magee dies attacking Goliad, and Samuel Kemper replaces him. • The army captures San Antonio, and Gutierrez is replaced with JoseAlvarez de Toledo. • General Joaquin “ The Butcher” de Arredondo recaptures Texas for Spain, killing most of the filibusters, and civilians in Texas during the process. Texas was almost deserted…but a powerful message was sent. • Others still encouraged to keep the fight for freedom alive.

11. Revolutionaries and Pirates in Texas • French pirate Louis Michel Aury from Galveston Island, decides to help survivors against Spain. • Jean “The Commissioner of Galveston” Lafitte later took over the Island and agreed to help the revolutionaries also…but really just wanted Spanish treasure. • Lafitte was run out by the U.S. Navy after attacking U.S. shipping. • Curse on treasure?

12. The Adams-Onis Treaty • 1819: The U.S. receives Florida and the Sabine is declared the official border. Spain gets assurances from the U.S. that it would not try to gain Spanish territories. • This ends the boundary dispute and the Neutral Ground solution.

13. The Long Expedition • 1819: James Long attempts to capture Texas and declare it independent from Spain. • Longs’ first army is defeated while he is negotiating with Lafitte for support. • His second attempt was quickly defeated at Goliad. All were imprisoned. • April 8, 1822: Long is shot and killed by a guard in prison. • Jane Long learned of her husbands death at while waiting at Point Bolivar. • She had been there almost 2 years, surviving Karankawa attacks by shooting a canon at them, giving birth to a daughter, and caring for their two other children. • She would eventually settle in Texas, and is known as “The Mother ofTexas”.

14. Moses Austin Begins Colonization in Texas • Moses Austin decides to help Americans settle in Spanish Texas after the Panic of 1819. • Austin’s plan is rejected in by Texas Governor Antonio Martinez. • Baron de Bastrop, an old friend of Austin’s, helped Moses get a second meeting, and eventually Governor Martinez agrees to make the request to Mexico City. • Austin expected approval and went home to recruit settlers…but he dies!

15. Stephen F. Austin Takes Over • 27 year-old Stephen attempts to fulfill his father’s dream for Texas. • Erasmo Seguin is appointed by Martinez to assist Austin locate his colonies land. • Austin choose the land between the Lavaca and San Jacinto Rivers for the colony. • The first settlement will be located along the lower Colorado River.

16. Settlers Arrive in Texas • Austin recruited from New Orleans, only accepting people of good character. • Austin was authorized to give land titles to only 300 settlers. • The original 300 Austin settlers are called “The Old Three Hundred”.

17. Austin’s Leadership • After Mexico’s Independence, Austin traveled to Mexico City to make sure his contract was still good • Austin gained the trust and respect of the Mexican Officials, learned Spanish, and was awarded several new contracts as an empesario. • The capitol of Austin’s colony was named San Felipe de Austin. • Austin is today called ”The Father of Texas”.

18. Expanding the Empresarial System • By 1830, about 30 other people had contracts as empresarios in Texas. • Green DeWitt was another American empresario, with his capitol at Gonzales. • Martin de Leon, with his wife Patricia, was a successful Tejano Empresario. • Together, the de Leon’s founded the town of Victoria. • Many empresarios had problems and lost their contracts. • 2 Colonies were started with immigrants from Ireland…The Irish Colonies.

20. Texas in 1830 • 20,000…and growing! • Cotton farming and ranching were fast growing industries.

21. Gone To Texas • “G.T.T.” was a common sight on abandoned U.S. farms as people came to Texas. • Why did people come? Adventure…Escape…Land… • Settlers came by land, sea, river…or any way possible at the time. Mostly from southern U.S. states. • Most settlers were poor and carried few things with them to Texas.

22. Settlers of various Nationalities • Most emigrated from the U.S., but others came from Mexico and Europe. • Emigrate = To leave home to settle elsewhere. • Many Tejanos settled the southern parts of Texas. • African Americans came also, although many were brought as slaves, Free-Blacks were given legal rights in Mexico.

23. Diet of Colonial Texans • Meat was plentiful to skilled hunters. • Although most farmed, colonial Texans rarely enjoyed a balanced diet. Fruits and vegetables were only seasonal.

24. Colonial Homes • Log Cabins were common. Families often built others as the they grew. • A connecting covered porch between two cabins was called a “Dog-Run”. • See the picture in the Text…Page 183. • Cabins were usually one room. Everyone lived, slept, and cooked in that room. • Furniture was usually roughly made from available wood.

25. Religion and Education • Most Texans had to become Catholic officially (to get free land grants), but remained protestant in reality. • Few schools existed, most were taught at home by mothers.

26. Challenges • Sickness and disease remained a real problem for colonists. • Austin organized a militia, later to become the Texas rangers, to help protect colonists Indian attacks. • Militia = A military force that is not professional. • Most Indians, friendly and hostile alike, were eventually driven out.